International Journal of Aquaculture, 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 221-231 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ija 227 Figure 2 Projected and observed change in water quantity (Adopted from Woolway et al., 2022) Image caption: Shown are simulated future changes (2071~2100 relative to 1971~2000) in (a) lake evaporation, (b) land P-E (precipitation minus evaporation), and (c) lake volume (based on the P–E balance over land and lake surfaces). Shown in panels (d) and (e) are what were previously permanent High Arctic ponds (Cape Herschel, Canadian High Arctic). (f, g) Satellite images of Lake Mead (United States). (h, i) Satellite images of Lake Chad (bordering Chad, Cameroon, Niger, and Nigeria) (Adopted from Woolway et al., 2022) 7 Future Challenges and Research Directions 7.1 Addressing uncertainties in climate projections One of the primary challenges in understanding the impacts of climate change on aquatic ecosystems is the inherent uncertainty in climate projections. These uncertainties arise from various sources, including structural (model) uncertainty, initialization and internal variability, parametric uncertainty, and scenario uncertainty. For instance, in marine ecosystems, the degree of attention given to each type of uncertainty varies significantly across subdisciplines, with initialization uncertainty often being neglected (Payne et al., 2016). To improve the robustness of climate projections, it is essential to employ an ensemble approach that includes multiple climate models, land use scenarios, and eco-hydrological models (Trolle et al., 2019). This comprehensive approach can help in better quantifying and communicating the uncertainties, thereby aiding in more effective risk evaluation and confidence building in the projections. 7.2 Integrating climate change into ecosystem management Effective management of aquatic ecosystems in the face of climate change requires the integration of climate projections into ecosystem management strategies. This involves developing and implementing adaptation
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