International Journal of Aquaculture, 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 195-210 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ija 199 Another effect of climate change is the pressure being placed on the conditions fish are farmed. F.A.O. (2022) described that climate stressors such as temperature increases in air and seawater changes in precipitation and hydrometeor intensity such as cyclones and eventually oxygen levels in sea or freshwater are causing magnitudes of problems in sustaining a proper farming principle. Yazdi and Shakouri (2010) depicted some direct stressors that affect the physiology and behaviour of fish species whether in their growth (Siddique et al., 2022), their reproductive cycle, the mortality or life expectancy and their distribution across the ocean. Constant seawater temperature changes are provoking the shifting of fish farms away from the seashore, making these farms susceptible to shark attacks, susceptible to oceanographic current shifts and animal stress. Barange et al. (2018) reported that other indirect drivers of climate change affecting aquaculture are disease spread, toxic algae proliferation and eutrophication of fish species. Shelton (2014) described that sea-level rise, storm surges and flooding may positively and negatively impact aquaculture. In circumstances of inland aquaculture, water scarcity, overland heat and salinization are effects of climate change. Climate change impacts on aquaculture affect communities and livelihoods. The human population may bear losses and damages to their livelihood assets which creates a certain stress (Shelton, 2014). Higher temperature, disease spread and toxicity in fish production subsequently affect the health of humans. Relocation of fish from area to area creates competition among fish producers to strive for more resistant species to breed. There is also the susceptibility to cross-contamination and product market losses. 2.4 Climate change in the fisheries sector According to the Food and Agricultural Organization (F.A.O., 2014), the term fishery is said to be an activity involving the harvest or capture of either farmed or wild fish from a body of water. Alternatively, it can be defined as a unit comprising a group of people chosen by a higher authority to perform duties requiring breeding and harvesting some specific type of fish into a water source based inland or at sea. According to a report published by F.A.O. (2022), seawater fishery resources are expected to continuously decrease due to overfishing along traditional fish stock along latitudes from 65.8% in 2017 to 64.6% in 2019. There is an important threat that projects inland fisheries face an increase in fishing to satisfy the demand for fish meat globally. Ninawe et al. (2018) explained in their research that alongside physiological changes within fish metabolism, imbalances in the growth cycle of phytoplankton and changes in the ocean chemistry, the fishing community are compelled to move further north to have a proper fish catch, that also fishing into deeper sea depth. The Marine Stewardship Council of 2023 published in its report that fishing stock is expected to decrease by up to 6% by 2050 in tropical areas and a slight rise in fish species in higher latitudes. Monnereau and Oxenford (2017) described in their study, the different effects of climate change on fisheries in SIDS where apart from direct physical impacts, there was also the association of socio-economic impacts. It is argued that small to medium-scale fisheries would have difficulty adapting to traditional fishing cycles and techniques, creating a financial limitation. It has been noted that small-scale artisanal fishing using fish traps is frequently affected by adverse windy and severe weather. As pointed out by Monnereau and Oxenford (2017), small-scale fishing communities especially those from SIDS, are generally the population living on coastal land near seashores risking regularly for fishing. The reduction of incomes greatly impacts the livelihood of those people which affect deeply the social cohesion of that community. Mohammed and Uraguchi (2013) depicted that Sub-Saharan African countries are dependent on fisheries and climate change still exerts physical-social-economical stresses endangering their food consumption and living. It has been noticed that some fish species are on the border of extinction which reduces local food production and consumption, thereafter, migration of species towards favourable environments reduces catches lastly since most of the production is of export quality, reduction in catches reduces income exacerbating pressure on food security.
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