International Journal of Aquaculture, 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 174-183 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ija 181 turbidity, elevated nutrient levels, and reduced abundance of macrophytes, zooplankton, and native fish species. These changes often result in a shift from clear water states dominated by macrophytes to turbid water states dominated by phytoplankton, which can have cascading effects on the entire aquatic food web. Additionally, carp invasions have been linked to the decline in species richness and cover of aquatic plants, particularly in regions where carp biomass exceeds critical thresholds. The impacts of carp are not uniform across all ecosystems, with some variations observed based on local environmental conditions and the presence of other stressors. Integrated management approaches are crucial for mitigating the ecological impacts of common carp invasions. Effective management strategies should combine multiple control methods, including biocontrol agents like cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3), physical removal, and habitat modification. The use of integrated pest management (IPM) plans that incorporate behavioral deterrents, barriers, and efficient removal techniques can help limit the spread and reduce the population of invasive carp. Additionally, understanding the specific characteristics of the invaded ecosystems and tailoring management practices to local conditions can enhance the effectiveness of these strategies. Continuous monitoring and adaptive management are essential to address the dynamic nature of carp invasions and to mitigate unintended consequences, such as the potential release from density-dependent competition. Future research should focus on several key areas to improve the management and understanding of common carp invasions. Experts need to conduct more comprehensive studies to examine the long-term ecological impacts of carp in different habitats and environmental conditions. Research should explore the development and implementation of novel biocontrol agents and integrated management technologies, and assess their efficacy and potential ecological consequences; Investigate interactions between carp and other invasive species to understand compounding impacts on native ecosystems. Finally, prediction models that incorporate invasion history, biomass, and environmental variables should be improved to predict the impact of carp invasions and guide management decisions. By filling these research gaps, we can develop more effective strategies to mitigate the ecological impacts of carp and protect aquatic biodiversity. Acknowledgments We sincerely appreciate the opinions of the two peer reviewers, which have made the article more comprehensive. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Reference Bajer P.G., Beck M.W., Cross T.K., Koch J.D., Bartodziej W., and Sorensen P.W., 2016, Biological invasion by a benthivorous fish reduced the cover and species richness of aquatic plants in most lakes of a large north American ecoregion, Global Change Biology, 22(12): 3937-3947. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13377 Bajer P., Ghosal R., Maselko M., Smanski M., Lechelt J., Hansen G., and Kornis M., 2019, Biological control of invasive fish and aquatic invertebrates: a brief review with case studies, Management of Biological Invasions, 10(2): 227-254. https://doi.org/10.3391/MBI.2019.10.2.02 Britton J., 2022, Contemporary perspectives on the ecological impacts of invasive freshwater fishes, Journal of Fish Biology, 103(4): 752-764. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.15240 Brockmann S., Zhang H., Mason D.M., and Rutherford E.S., 2021, Space and species interactions in welfare estimates for invasive species policy, Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 9: 703935. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.703935 Busst G.M.A., and Britton J.R., 2017, Comparative trophic impacts of two globally invasive cyprinid fishes reveal species‐specific invasion consequences for a threatened native fish, Freshwater Biology, 62(9): 1587-1595. https://doi.org/10.1111/FWB.12970 Carey M., and Wahl D., 2010, Native fish diversity alters the effects of an invasive species on food webs, Ecology, 91(10): 2965-2974. https://doi.org/10.1890/09-1213.1 Collins S.F., Nelson K.A., DeBoom C.S., and Wahl D.H., 2017, The facilitation of the native bluegill sunfish by the invasive bighead carp, Freshwater Biology, 62(9): 1645-1654. https://doi.org/10.1111/FWB.12976
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