International Journal of Aquaculture, 2024, Vol.14, No.3, 154-164 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ija 162 predicting and mitigating the impacts of climate change on eel population (Gaillard et al., 2018). Integrating multi-omics approaches, such as proteomics and metabolomics, with genomic analyses could provide comprehensive insights into physiological responses and adaptive mechanisms in eels facing environmental stressors (Kho et al., 2023). 8.3 Future trends and innovations Future trends in genomic and developmental research are poised to revolutionize eel management and conservation practices. Advancements in genome editing technologies, such as CRISPR-Cas9, hold promise for targeted genetic modifications to enhance desirable traits in eel populations. Continued innovation in bioinformatics and computational tools will facilitate the interpretation of large-scale genomic data and accelerate the discovery of genetic markers associated with reproductive success and growth. Embracing interdisciplinary collaborations and fostering international partnerships will promote knowledge exchange and harmonize conservation efforts across eel range countries, ensuring sustainable management and resilience of eel populations in a rapidly changing world. 9 Concluding Remarks The research on enhancing reproductive success and growth in eels (Anguilla spp.) has yielded significant insights through genomic and developmental approaches. One study demonstrated that soy isoflavones, particularly genistein, effectively induce feminization in Japanese eels (Anguilla japonica) by altering the expression of sex-specific genes, leading to a higher female ratio which is commercially desirable. Another study highlighted the use of specific recombinant gonadotropins to induce spermatogenesis and spermiation in European eels (Anguilla anguilla), showing that a combination of recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (aarFsh) and luteinizing hormone (aarLh) can significantly enhance sperm quality and motility. Genomic and developmental approaches are crucial for the aquaculture of eels due to their complex life cycles and reproductive challenges. The ability to manipulate sex differentiation through dietary supplements like genistein not only improves the yield of commercially valuable females but also provides a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing sex differentiation. Similarly, the application of recombinant gonadotropins to induce and enhance spermatogenesis and spermiation addresses the bottleneck of male maturation in captivity, thereby facilitating controlled breeding programs and improving overall reproductive success. Future research should focus on optimizing the dosage and administration protocols of phytoestrogens and recombinant hormones to maximize their efficacy and minimize any potential adverse effects. Additionally, exploring the genetic basis of sex differentiation and reproductive maturation through advanced genomic techniques such as CRISPR/Cas9 could provide new avenues for targeted interventions. Long-term studies on the ecological and physiological impacts of these interventions on eel populations are also recommended to ensure sustainable aquaculture practices. Expanding these approaches to other eel species and integrating them with environmental and nutritional management strategies could further enhance the productivity and sustainability of eel aquaculture. Acknowledgments The authors extend sincere thanks to two anonymous peer reviewers for their feedback on the manuscript of this study. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Reference Burgerhout E., Lokman P., Thillart G., and Dirks R., 2018, The time-keeping hormone melatonin: a possible key cue for puberty in freshwater eels (Anguilla spp.), Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 29: 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-018-9540-3
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