International Journal of Aquaculture, 2024, Vol.14, No.3, 154-164 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ija 160 showed that genistein exhibits estrogen-like effects similar to estradiol in eels. This discovery provides a potential method for sex control in eel aquaculture without using synthetic hormones, thereby enhancing the commercial value of eels (Inaba et al., 2022)Another study demonstrated the efficacy of recombinant gonadotropins in inducing spermatogenesis and spermiation in European eels. The best sperm quality, with over 50% motile cells, was observed in males treated with the highest dose of aarFsh, showcasing the potential of these recombinant hormones to enhance reproductive outcomes (Peñaranda et al., 2018). Figure 3 Histological analysis of germ cells and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis of sex-specific genes in the gonads of Japanese eels raised to 45 days (Adopted from Inaba et al., 2022) Image caption: The figure details the impact of soy isoflavones on the expression of sex-specific genes in Japanese eels. Panels (A– D) show histological sections of undifferentiated gonads after hematoxylin and eosin staining in body-length groups medium (A, B) and large (C, D), revealing the gonadal morphology of eels after 45 days in different treatment groups, with all germ cells remaining undifferentiated. Panels (E–I) present the expression levels of five sex-specific genes (vasa (E), foxl2a (F), cyp19a1 (G), amh (H), gsdf (I)) analyzed by quantitative PCR. The results indicate that the expression of female-specific genes (foxl2a and cyp19a1) is significantly higher in the isoflavone-treated group compared to the control group, while the expression of male-specific genes (amh and gsdf) is significantly lower in the isoflavone-treated group. These findings confirm that soy isoflavones induce feminization in Japanese eels by regulating the expression of sex-specific genes (Adapted from Inaba et al., 2022) By combining genomic insights with developmental interventions, these integrated approaches offer a robust framework for improving the reproductive success and growth of eel species in aquaculture settings.
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