International Journal of Aquaculture, 2024, Vol.14, No.3, 112-125 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ija 113 The sustainable utilization of algal resources can lead to the development of a bioeconomy that addresses current industrial and agricultural challenges while minimizing environmental impact (Fabris et al., 2020; Nowruzi et al., 2022), Strategies for sustainable utilization include the development of algal culture collections, cryopreservation techniques, and biotechnological approaches to enhance desirable traits (Yang et al., 2021). By integrating conservation and utilization efforts, we can ensure that algal resources remain available for future generations while meeting current industrial and environmental needs (Cheng et al., 2019). This study comprehensively outlines the current state of algae germplasm diversity, emphasizing its significance and the need for effective conservation strategies. It analyzes the range and distribution of algal genetic diversity, evaluates the current conservation methods and their effectiveness, explores sustainable practices for maximizing the potential of algal germplasm without harming natural populations, and identifies gaps in current research to propose future directions for the conservation and sustainable use of algal germplasm. This study aims to contribute to the development of integrated strategies that balance the conservation of algal biodiversity with its economic and environmental benefits. 2 Current Status of Algal Germplasm Diversity 2.1 Overview of algal species diversity Algae represent one of the most diverse groups of photosynthetic organisms, ranging from microscopic phytoplankton to large seaweeds such as kelps. The diversity within algal species is reflected in their morphology, physiology, and genetic makeup. Recent advancements in molecular taxonomy have significantly reshaped our understanding of algal diversity. The use of DNA sequence analysis has led to the discovery of numerous cryptic species and has provided a more accurate understanding of algal species boundaries (Leliaert, 2021). For instance, the red algal genus Pyropia, which includes commercially important species, has revealed high cryptic diversity through DNA barcoding techniques (Koh and Kim, 2018). Algal diversity is not just limited to species level but extends to functional diversity within ecosystems. Algae occupy various ecological niches and exhibit a wide range of functional traits that allow them to adapt to different environmental conditions. This functional diversity is crucial for ecosystem resilience and productivity (Mock, 2023). 2.2 Geographic distribution of algal species The geographic distribution of algal species is influenced by a variety of factors, including temperature, light availability, and water chemistry. Algae exist in diverse habitats, ranging from freshwater ecosystems to marine environments, and can even survive in extreme conditions such as glaciers (Figure 1). For example, a comprehensive study on the freshwater red algal diversity in Africa revealed significant geographic variation, with some species being endemic to specific regions (Szinte et al., 2020). Similarly, the brown algal genus Padina shows high species diversity in tropical and subtropical waters of the western Pacific, with phylogenetic analyses revealing distinct clades corresponding to specific geographic regions (Win et al., 2020). The distribution of algae is also dynamic, with some species expanding their range due to changing climatic conditions and other environmental factors (Borgato et al., 2022). 2.3 Threats to algal diversity Algal diversity faces numerous threats from anthropogenic activities and environmental changes. One of the significant threats is habitat destruction, particularly in coastal areas where urbanization, pollution, and overfishing are prevalent. For instance, the algal reefs in Taoyuan County, Taiwan, are under threat from industrial activities, which affect the diversity and phylogenetic relationships of non-geniculate coralline algae (Liu et al., 2018). Climate change is another critical factor impacting algal diversity. Rising sea temperatures and ocean acidification alter the distribution and physiological functioning of algal species. Additionally, harmful algal blooms (HABs),
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