International Journal of Aquaculture, 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 51-61 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ija 56 load in the water (Figure 2). In common carp, CRISPR/Cas9 has been used to disrupt the sp7 and myostatin genes, leading to severe skeletal defects and increased muscle cell growth, respectively, demonstrating the efficiency of this system in modifying the genome of common carp and its potential in aquaculture genetic research and breeding (Zhong et al., 2016). Figure 2 Cumulative mortality of experimental groups (Adopted from Dorfman et al., 2024) Image caption: (A) Mean cumulative mortality by days (adjusted to start day) for shedders (full lines) and cohabitants (dashed lines). (B) Final mean cumulative mortalities and standard errors for resistant (left bars) and susceptible (right bars) categories. (C) shedders, right censored to day 12 and (D) cohabitants, right censored to day 16. Note that survival analyses results are similar to mortality analyses presented in (A) (Adapted from Dorfman et al., 2024) Figure 2 from Dorfman et al. (2024) shows the cumulative mortality rates during the experiment for different treatment groups (resistant and susceptible shedders and their cohabitants), averaged over four replicates. The results demonstrate that improving disease resistance in common carp through molecular breeding techniques, such as CRISPR/Cas9, is not only feasible but also effective. The final cumulative mortality rate of resistant shedders was significantly lower than that of susceptible shedders, confirming the presence and effect of resistance genes. Specifically, the cumulative mortality rate for susceptible shedders was 83%, while for resistant shedders it was only 20%. This outcome validates that resistant carp have a higher survival rate when facing CyHV-3 virus. By selecting and introducing resistance genes through molecular breeding techniques like CRISPR/Cas9, the survival rate and overall disease resistance of carp against viral infections are significantly enhanced. These findings provide strong support and scientific evidence for the application of molecular breeding in aquaculture. 7 Transcriptomics and Proteomics 7.1 Role of transcriptomics in understanding disease response Transcriptomics has played a pivotal role in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying disease resistance in common carp. By analyzing the transcriptome of CyHV-3-resistant strains, researchers have identified key immune-related genes and pathways that contribute to the fish's ability to combat infections. For instance,
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