International Journal of Aquaculture, 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 101-111 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ija 105 Yang and Zhang (2019) found that the eDNA-based zooplankton integrity index demonstrates a significant correlation with water quality, with stronger correlations observed in April (R² = 0.38) and November (R² = 0.37) compared to August (R² = 0.20). These findings suggest that zooplankton integrity, as assessed through metabarcoding, is a reliable indicator of water quality. The ecological status, classified according to both the zooplankton integrity index and the water quality index, highlights a gradient from poor to healthy conditions. This classification can help in assessing and managing the ecological health of aquatic environments, showing that higher water quality typically corresponds with healthier zooplankton populations. 5 Case Studies in Monitoring and Management 5.1 Freshwater ecosystems Freshwater ecosystems are critical for biodiversity and human well-being, yet they face significant threats from land-use changes, climate warming, and pollution. Recent advancements in monitoring technologies and methodologies have provided new insights and tools for managing these ecosystems. For instance, the use of stable isotope analysis and ecological modeling has enhanced our understanding of aquatic plant distribution and interactions within freshwater systems (Cherry and Pec, 2022). Additionally, integrated monitoring approaches that combine hydromorphological, physical-chemical, and biological assessments have been developed to support sustainable water management and the implementation of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Biological monitoring, particularly using macroinvertebrates (Figure 2), has also proven effective in assessing the health of freshwater ecosystems and detecting pesticide pollution (Forio and Goethals, 2020). Figure 2 Diagram illustrating the cycles of monitoring and assessment programmes—management and policy action of water bodies towards sustainable development and the management of water resources (Adopted from Forio and Goethals, 2020) Image capton: Water composition: Use tools such as indices to monitor and evaluate surface water, Key interference variables: Identify and demonstrate the factors that affect water quality through two stages, Stage one involves collecting indicators and evidence through statistical and modeling tools; Phase 2 is validated through laboratory testing and artificial river experiments, Management and policy actions: Based on the findings of the first two stages, develop and implement corresponding management and policy measures, Recovery/Protection: Feedback the results of management and policy actions into the monitoring and evaluation of water composition, forming a continuous improvement loop (Adopted from Forio and Goethals, 2020)
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