International Journal of Aquaculture, 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 101-111 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ija 103 aquatic ecosystems. Additionally, international agreements such as the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) set guidelines and targets for the conservation and sustainable use of aquatic resources, promoting international cooperation and the sharing of best practices. 3.2 National regulations and guidelines National regulations and guidelines are essential for implementing international policies at the country level. In the United States, for example, the Clean Water Act provides a regulatory framework for maintaining and restoring the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters (Jankowski et al., 2021). This includes the use of high-frequency environmental sensing and statistical approaches to monitor aquatic ecosystem metabolism, which can inform environmental management practices. Similarly, European countries have adopted the Water Framework Directive, which aims to achieve good ecological status for all water bodies through comprehensive monitoring and management strategies (Jankowski et al., 2021). These national regulations often incorporate advanced technologies and methodologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and smart monitoring systems, to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of aquatic ecosystem assessments (Glaviano et al., 2022). 3.3 Local management practices Local management practices are critical for addressing specific environmental challenges and ensuring the effective implementation of national and international policies. Local initiatives often involve the use of integrated assessment frameworks that consider multiple indicator species and various biological communities to evaluate the health of aquatic ecosystems (Zhao et al., 2019). For instance, the use of smart buoy networks (SBNs), autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs), and multi-sensor microsystems (MSMs) allows for real-time monitoring and adaptive management of coastal and marine environments (Glaviano et al., 2022). These technologies enable local managers to respond promptly to environmental changes and potential threats, thereby enhancing the resilience and sustainability of aquatic ecosystems. 3.4 Stakeholder involvement and community engagement Stakeholder involvement and community engagement are fundamental components of effective aquatic ecosystem management. Engaging local communities, stakeholders, and indigenous groups in monitoring and conservation efforts can lead to more sustainable and inclusive management practices. For example, the use of IoT-based environmental assessment systems can facilitate community participation by providing accessible and transparent data on water quality and ecosystem health (Narmadha et al., 2023). Additionally, involving stakeholders in the development and implementation of management plans can help ensure that diverse perspectives and knowledge systems are considered, leading to more comprehensive and effective conservation strategies. Collaborative efforts between scientists, policymakers, and local communities are essential for achieving long-term sustainability and resilience of aquatic ecosystems (Zhao et al., 2019). By integrating international policies, national regulations, local management practices, and stakeholder involvement, we can develop a holistic approach to monitoring and managing aquatic ecosystem health. This integrated framework will support the sustainable use and conservation of aquatic resources, ensuring their continued provision of essential ecological services for human and environmental well-being. 4 Integration of Technology and Policy 4.1 Case studies of successful integration The integration of technology and policy in monitoring and managing aquatic ecosystem health has shown promising results in various case studies. For instance, the H2020 project AQUACROSS has successfully unified policy strategies, knowledge, and management concepts of freshwater, coastal, and marine ecosystems to support the EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020. This project embraced ecosystem-based management (EBM) to protect biodiversity and sustainably harvest ecosystem services, demonstrating the utility of EBM in safeguarding aquatic biodiversity (Langhans et al., 2019). Another example is the use of IoT technology for environmental assessment, where sensors and Arduino micro-controllers were employed to measure variables such as pH, Total Dissolved Solids, dissolved oxygen, and CO2. This approach has proven effective in tracking the health of aquatic ecosystems and informing policy decisions for their protection. Additionally, the One Health approach, which
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