International Journal of Aquaculture, 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 91-100 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ija 96 that FLLS-WEHI01 decreases the expression of C/EBPα and PPARγ, which are critical regulators of adipogenesis. This reduction leads to decreased adipogenesis gene expression (ACC, FAS), ultimately resulting in lower fat accumulation, reduced inflammation, and improved insulin sensitivity. This highlights the potential of FLLS-WEHI01 as an anti-obesity agent. Figure 3 The schematic diagram of the anti-obesity ability of WEHI01-fermented lotus leaf supernatant (Adopted from He et al., 2022) Image caption: ND, normal diet; HFD, high-fat diet; FLLS-WEHI01, Enterococcus hirae WEHI01-fermented lotus leaf supernatant; TC, total cholesterol; TG, total triglyceride; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; C/EBPα, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator activated receptors γ; ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; FAS, fatty acid synthase (Adopted from He et al., 2022) 5 Phytochemical Extraction and Analysis 5.1 Extraction methods The extraction of phytochemicals fromNelumbo nucifera, commonly known as lotus, involves various solvents and techniques to maximize yield and efficacy. Ethanol, ethyl acetate, hexane, chloroform, acetone, and aqueous solutions are frequently used solvents for extracting bioactive compounds from different parts of the lotus, including rhizomes, seeds, and flowers (Mehta et al., 2020). The choice of solvent significantly impacts the type and quantity of phytochemicals extracted. For instance, ethanolic extracts have been shown to contain higher concentrations of phenols, flavonoids, and tannins compared to other solvents (Yamini et al., 2019a; Yamini et al., 2019b). Additionally, methanol has been used effectively to extract high contents of flavonoids and phenols from the rhizome (Ullah et al., 2018). 5.2 Analytical techniques Various analytical techniques are employed to identify and quantify the phytochemicals present in Nelumbo nucifera. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with photodiode array detection is a validated method for separating and quantifying flavonoids and other phenolic compounds (Tungmunnithum et al., 2022). Liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS) is another advanced technique used to profile phenolic compounds in different parts of the lotus, identifying a total of 86 phenolic compounds, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, lignans, stilbenes, and other polyphenols (Zhu et al., 2022). These techniques provide comprehensive profiles of the phytochemicals, aiding in the understanding of their potential health benefits and applications.
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