International Journal of Aquaculture, 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 91-100 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ija 92 The primary objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive overview of the phytochemical properties and nutritional benefits of the lotus rhizome. By synthesizing existing research, this study highlights the potential health benefits and therapeutic applications of the rhizome. Future research directions will also be discussed, focusing on the need for more in-depth studies on the bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and possible toxicity of lotus rhizome-derived phytochemicals. This study will serve as a valuable resource for researchers, healthcare professionals, and the food and pharmaceutical industries, promoting the further exploration and utilization of this remarkable plant. 2 Phytochemical Composition of Lotus Rhizome 2.1 Overview of phytochemicals The lotus rhizome is a rich source of various phytochemicals, which contribute to its nutritional and medicinal properties. These phytochemicals include alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, and other bioactive compounds. The presence of these compounds has been linked to numerous health benefits, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities (Wang et al., 2021a; Bishayee et al., 2022). 2.2 Alkaloids Alkaloids are one of the primary bioactive compounds found in the lotus rhizome. They are known for their pharmacological effects, including anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, and neuroprotective activities. The main alkaloids identified in lotus rhizome include aporphines, 1-benzylisoquinolines, and bisbenzylisoquinolines. These compounds have shown potential in treating various health conditions, although their bioavailability is relatively low and can be enhanced through technological modifications (Wang et al., 2021b; Tungmunnithum et al., 2022). 2.3 Flavonoids Flavonoids are another significant group of phytochemicals present in the lotus rhizome. These compounds are known for their antioxidant properties, which help in scavenging free radicals and protecting cells from oxidative stress. The main flavonoids identified in lotus rhizome include catechin, kaempferol, quercetin, and hyperoside (Figure 1). These flavonoids have been linked to various health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-aging effects (Yamini et al., 2019a; Yamini et al., 2019b). The research of Tungmunnithum et al. (2022) systematically categorizes these compounds based on their specific substituents (R1 to R5 and R6 to R8) attached to the flavonoid backbone, represented in two structural diagrams. Each flavonoid's unique glycoside and aglycone combinations provide insights into their distinct biochemical properties and potential health benefits. Understanding these structures aids in the study of their roles in medicinal applications, such as their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and other therapeutic properties, derived from the lotus plant. 2.4 Tannins Tannins are polyphenolic compounds that contribute to the astringent taste of the lotus rhizome. They have been shown to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The lotus rhizome knot, in particular, has been found to have a high total tannin content, which contributes to its strong antioxidant activity. Tannins also play a role in the rhizome's potential use in food preservation and as a natural remedy for various ailments (Yamini et al., 2019a; Zhu et al., 2022). 2.5 Polyphenols Polyphenols are a diverse group of phytochemicals that include phenolic acids, flavonoids, lignans, and stilbenes. The lotus rhizome is rich in polyphenols, which contribute to its antioxidant and anti-cancer properties. A comprehensive profiling of the lotus rhizome has identified numerous polyphenolic compounds, highlighting its potential as a source of natural antioxidants and therapeutic agents (Shen et al., 2019; Zhu et al., 2022). 2.6 Other bioactive compounds In addition to alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and polyphenols, the lotus rhizome contains other bioactive compounds such as terpenoids, steroids, and glycosides. These compounds contribute to the rhizome's
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