International Journal of Aquaculture, 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 62-72 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ija 70 distinct phyla. The model organismChlamydomonas reinhardtii has been instrumental in elucidating biological processes critical to both plants and animals, as well as in the production of various bio-products. Studies on Picochlorum species have shown that gene gain and loss, along with horizontal gene transfer (HGT), play crucial roles in adaptation to variable environments, such as salinity stress. This highlights the dynamic nature of HGT in driving adaptation and expanding habitat ranges. Comparative genomic analyses between acidophilic and neutrophilic algae have identified key genetic adaptations, such as the high expression of heat-shock proteins and H+-ATPase, loss of certain metabolic pathways, and acquisition of metal-detoxifying genes through HGT, which facilitate survival in extremely acidic environments. The availability of complete genome sequences for various algal species has catalyzed the development of recombinant techniques. This has led to significant progress in the genetic engineering of both microalgae and macroalgae, with potential commercial applications in producing recombinant proteins and valuable algal products. Genomics and transcriptomics are pivotal in advancing our understanding of algal biology and their adaptive mechanisms. These fields provide comprehensive insights into the genetic and molecular bases of algal evolution, environmental adaptation, and metabolic processes. The integration of genomic data with transcriptomic analyses allows researchers to identify key regulatory networks and gene functions that are essential for adaptation to diverse and often extreme environments. This knowledge is crucial for harnessing the biotechnological potential of algae, including the development of sustainable biofuels, bioproducts, and environmental remediation strategies. The future of algal research lies in the continued integration of genomics and transcriptomics with other omics technologies, such as proteomics and metabolomics. This holistic approach will provide a more detailed understanding of the complex biological systems within algae. Additionally, advancements in CRISPR and other gene-editing technologies hold promise for precise genetic modifications, enabling the development of algae with enhanced traits for industrial applications. Future research should also focus on exploring the genetic diversity of lesser-studied algal species and their potential applications in biotechnology. Collaborative efforts across disciplines will be essential to fully exploit the genetic resources of algae and address global challenges such as climate change, food security, and sustainable energy production. Acknowledgments The publisher acknowledges the two anonymous peer reviewers for their careful examination and useful feedback on the initial draft of this study. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author affirm that This study was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Reference Avia K., Coelho S., Montecinos G., Cormier A., Lerck F., Mauger S., Faugeron S., Valero M., Cock J., and Boudry P., 2017, High-density genetic map and identification of QTLs for responses to temperature and salinity stresses in the model brown alga Ectocarpus, Scientific Reports, 7: 43241. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep43241 Bamba M., Kawaguchi Y., and Tsuchimatsu T., 2018, Plant adaptation and speciation studied by population genomic approaches, Development, 61: 12-24. https://doi.org/10.1111/dgd.12578 Bernatchez L., 2016, On the maintenance of genetic variation and adaptation to environmental change: considerations from population genomics in fishes, Journal of Fish Biology, 89(6): 2519-2556. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfb.13145 Bian C., Huang Y., Li J., You X., Yi Y., Ge W., and Shi Q., 2019, Divergence, evolution and adaptation in ray-finned fish genomes, Science China Life Sciences, 62: 1003-1018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-018-9499-5 Blaby-Haas C., and Merchant S., 2019, Comparative and functional algal genomics, Annual Review of Plant Biology, 70: 605-638. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-050718-095841 Blanc G., Agarkova I., Grimwood J., Kuo A., Brueggeman A., Dunigan D., Gurnon J., Ladunga I., Lindquist E., Lucas S., Pangilinan J., Pröschold T., Salamov A., Schmutz J., Weeks D., Yamada T., Lomsadze A., Borodovsky M., Claverie J., Grigoriev I., and Etten J., 2012, The genome of the polar eukaryotic microalga Coccomyxa subellipsoidea reveals traits of cold adaptation, Genome Biology, 13: R39. https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2012-13-5-r39
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