International Journal of Aquaculture, 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 51-61 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ija 59 8.4 Environmental and ecological considerations The release of genetically selected or modified common carp into natural water bodies poses potential environmental and ecological risks. The introduction of disease-resistant strains could disrupt local ecosystems and affect the genetic makeup of wild populations. Studies have highlighted the importance of understanding the ecological impact of breeding programs and the need for comprehensive risk assessments (Palaiokostas et al., 2019). Moreover, the potential for horizontal gene transfer and the spread of resistance genes to other species must be carefully monitored. Sustainable breeding practices should aim to balance the benefits of disease resistance with the preservation of natural biodiversity and ecosystem health. 9 Concluding Remarks Molecular breeding techniques have shown significant promise in enhancing disease resistance in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Key findings from recent studies highlight the role of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes, particularly MHC class IIα and IIβ alleles, in conferring resistance to pathogens such as Aeromonas hydrophila and Cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3). Integrative transcriptomic analyses have revealed that specific immune mechanisms, including autophagy, phagocytosis, and virus blockage by lectins and mucin 3, are crucial for resistance to CyHV-3. Additionally, genomic selection and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping have identified significant genetic markers and candidate genes, such as TRIM25 and various toll-like receptors (TLRs), that are associated with enhanced disease resistance. Molecular breeding is pivotal in aquaculture for several reasons. Firstly, it offers a sustainable alternative to antibiotics and vaccines, which can have environmental and health repercussions. By selecting for disease-resistant traits, molecular breeding reduces the incidence of infectious diseases, thereby improving fish health and survival rates. This is particularly important for economically significant species like common carp, which are susceptible to devastating diseases such as CyHV-3 and Aeromonas hydrophila infections. Moreover, molecular breeding techniques, including genomic selection and QTL mapping, enable precise and efficient identification of desirable traits, accelerating the breeding process and enhancing genetic gain. Future research should focus on expanding the genetic databases and refining molecular tools to further enhance the accuracy and efficiency of breeding programs. Key recommendations include: 1) Expanding Genetic Studies: Conduct comprehensive genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and QTL mapping to identify additional genetic markers and candidate genes associated with disease resistance 2) Integrative Approaches: Utilize integrative transcriptomic and proteomic analyses to uncover the complex immune mechanisms underlying disease resistance and to identify novel targets for genetic selection. 3 Genomic Selection: Implement and optimize genomic selection techniques across diverse carp populations to ensure broad applicability and to maximize genetic gain. 4) Cross-Breeding Programs: Develop cross-breeding programs that combine resistant strains from different genetic backgrounds to enhance overall disease resistance and genetic diversity. 5) Environmental Considerations: Investigate the interaction between genetic resistance and environmental factors to develop holistic breeding strategies that consider both genetic and ecological aspects. By following these recommendations, the aquaculture industry can significantly improve the resilience and productivity of common carp, ensuring sustainable and profitable fish farming practices. Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge the two anonymous peer reviewers for their careful evaluation and valuable feedback on the initial draft of this manuscript. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The publisher thanks the peer reviewers for their careful consideration and valuable recommendations on the manuscript.
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