International Journal of Aquaculture, 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 51-61 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ija 58 continuous monitoring and management of genetic diversity are essential to prevent inbreeding depression and ensure the sustainability of breeding programs. Figure 3 Common carp injected with zoospores of A. invadans (Adopted from Peng et al., 2016) Image caption: (A) No gross lesions observed 12 days post-infection (dpi); (B) Section of muscle from experimentally infected common carp showing granuloma (arrow) around the oomycete hyphae (arrowheads) at 12 dpi; (C) Section of muscle tissue from the control common carp injected with autoclaved pond water, showing normal muscle fibers; (D) Head kidney of experimentally infected common carp at 12 dpi showing normal architecture, i.e., haematopoietic tissue (arrowhead) and renal tubules (arrows), similar to the control group (Adapted from Peng et al., 2016) 8.2 Ethical and regulatory issues The application of molecular breeding techniques raises several ethical and regulatory concerns. The use of genetic markers and selective breeding for disease resistance must comply with national and international regulations to ensure the welfare of the fish and the safety of the environment. For instance, the World Organization for Animal Health has listed Koi herpesvirus as a notifiable disease, necessitating strict regulatory measures for its control (Palaiokostas et al., 2018a; Jia et al., 2020). Ethical considerations also include the potential impact of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) on natural ecosystems and the need for transparent communication with stakeholders, including consumers and environmental groups. 8.3 Technical limitations and costs The implementation of molecular breeding techniques involves significant technical challenges and costs. High-throughput sequencing technologies, such as Restriction Site-Associated DNA sequencing (RADseq), and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are essential for identifying quantitative trait loci (QTL) and genetic markers associated with disease resistance (Palaiokostas et al., 2018a; Jia et al., 2020). However, these technologies require substantial financial investment and technical expertise. Additionally, the development and validation of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for immune response genes are time-consuming and resource-intensive (Kongchum et al., 2010). The cost-effectiveness of these techniques must be evaluated to ensure their feasibility for large-scale breeding programs.
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