International Journal of Aquaculture, 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 40-50 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ija 48 replacement of traditional marine ingredients in farmed fish diets with terrestrial alternatives has led to a decrease in EPA and DHA levels in farmed Atlantic salmon, compromising their nutritional value. Moreover, the genetic potential for increasing n-3 LC-PUFA levels in farmed fish through selective breeding has been demonstrated, suggesting that it is possible to enhance the health benefits of aquaculture fish. Additionally, the impact of fish oil with high n-3 PUFA content on gut microbiota has been explored, indicating significant changes that may contribute to the health benefits of fish oil consumption. The findings of this study aim to provide valuable insights for various stakeholders. For researchers, it is recommended to further investigate the nutritional requirements and optimal dietary levels of fatty acids for different aquaculture species, including reassessing EFA needs and exploring alternative lipid sources. Policymakers should develop policies that support sustainable aquaculture practices, ensuring the production of fish with high levels of beneficial fatty acids. This includes encouraging the use of sustainable feed ingredients and supporting research into alternative sources of n-3 LC-PUFA, such as microalgae and genetically modified crops. The aquaculture industry is advised to prioritize the development of cost-effective diets to maintain the n-3 PUFA content of farmed fish, which may involve incorporating alternative lipid sources and implementing selective breeding programs. Given the importance of n-3 PUFAs for human health and the challenges of maintaining their levels in aquaculture fish, there is a clear need for ongoing research and collaboration among researchers, policymakers, and the aquaculture industry. Future research should focus on developing and optimizing sustainable feed ingredients to maintain or enhance the n-3 PUFA content in farmed fish. Additionally, it is important to investigate the genetic factors that influence the fatty acid composition in aquaculture species and implement selective breeding programs to improve their nutritional value. Exploring the effects of fish oil and other n-3 PUFA-rich products on human health, including their impact on gut microbiota and disease prevention, is also essential. Collaboration among stakeholders is key to addressing these challenges and ensuring that aquaculture continues to provide a valuable source of essential fatty acids for humans. By working together, we can develop innovative solutions to promote both human health and sustainable aquaculture practices. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Reference Abdelhamid A., Brown T., Brainard J., Biswas P., Thorpe G., Moore H., Deane K., AlAbdulghafoor F., Summerbell C., Worthington H., Song F., and Hooper L., 2018, Omega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11: 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003177.pub4 Dvoretsky A., Bichkaeva F., Vlasova O., Andronov S., and Dvoretsky V., 2022, Fatty acid content of four salmonid fish consumed by indigenous peoples from the yamal-nenets autonomous okrug (Northwestern Siberia Russia), Animals, 12(13): 1643. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12131643 Giosuè A., Calabrese I., Lupoli R., Riccardi G., Vaccaro O., and Vitale M., 2022, Relations between the consumption of fatty or lean fish and risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Advances in nutrition, 13(5): 1554-1565. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmac006 Gladyshev M., Makhrov A., Baydarov I., Safonova S., Golod V., Alekseyev S., Glushchenko L., Rudchenko A., Karpov V., and Sushchik N., 2022, Fatty acid composition and contents of fish of genus salvelinus from natural ecosystems and aquaculture, Biomolecules, 12(1): 144. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12010144 Gladyshev M., Sushchik N., Tolomeev A., and Dgebuadze Y., 2017, Meta-analysis of factors associated with omega-3 fatty acid contents of wild fish, Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 28: 277-299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11160-017-9511-0 Glencross B., 2009, Exploring the nutritional demand for essential fatty acids by aquaculture species, Reviews in Aquaculture 1: 71-124. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-5131.2009.01006.x Harris W., Pottala J., Sands S., and Jones P., 2007, Comparison of the effects of fish and fish-oil capsules on the n 3 fatty acid content of blood cells and Plasma phospholipids, The American journal of clinical nutrition, 86(6): 1621-1625. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/86.6.1621
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