International Journal of Aquaculture, 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 40-50 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ija 42 2 Health Benefits of Fatty Acids from Aquaculture Fish 2.1 Cardiovascular health The consumption of omega-3 fatty acids, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), has been extensively studied for its cardiovascular benefits. Numerous studies have demonstrated that these fatty acids, commonly found in fish and fish oil supplements, can significantly reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). For instance, a systematic review highlighted that increased intake of n-3 fatty acids from fish or fish-oil supplements is associated with reduced rates of all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, cardiac and sudden death, and possibly stroke (Wang et al., 2006). Another comprehensive review found that long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (LCn3), including EPA and DHA, have little or no effect on all-cause mortality but may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) events (Abdelhamid et al., 2018). Additionally, a meta-analysis indicated that fatty fish consumption is inversely associated with CHD incidence and mortality, underscoring the cardioprotective effects of these fatty acids (Giosuè et al., 2022). 2.2 Cognitive function and mental health Omega-3 fatty acids, particularly DHA, play a crucial role in brain health and cognitive function. These fatty acids are integral components of neuronal membranes and are involved in neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Research has shown that EPA and DHA are important for proper fetal development, including neuronal and retinal function, which can have long-term implications for cognitive health (Swanson et al., 2012). Furthermore, the Mediterranean diet, rich in long-chain omega-3 fatty acids from fish, has been associated with a reduced risk of age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease (Roman et al., 2019). The anti-inflammatory properties of these fatty acids may also contribute to their protective effects against neurodegenerative diseases. 2.3 Anti-inflammatory properties The anti-inflammatory properties of omega-3 fatty acids are well-documented. EPA and DHA can modulate inflammatory processes by influencing the production of eicosanoids, which are signaling molecules that play a key role in inflammation. Studies have shown that these fatty acids can reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhance the production of anti-inflammatory mediators (Liao et al., 2022). This anti-inflammatory effect is beneficial in managing chronic inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Additionally, the anti-inflammatory properties of omega-3 fatty acids contribute to their cardiovascular benefits by reducing vascular inflammation and improving endothelial function (Innes and Calder, 2020). 2.4 Other health benefits 2.4.1 Eye health Omega-3 fatty acids, particularly DHA, are essential for maintaining retinal health. DHA is a major structural component of the retina, and its deficiency has been linked to visual impairments. Studies have shown that adequate intake of DHA can support visual development in infants and reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration in adults (Swanson et al., 2012). 2.4.2 Prenatal development The role of omega-3 fatty acids in prenatal development is well-established. DHA is crucial for the development of the fetal brain and retina. Pregnant women are often advised to consume adequate amounts of DHA to support the neurodevelopment of their unborn child. Research has shown that higher maternal intake of DHA is associated with better cognitive and visual outcomes in infants (Swanson et al., 2012). The consumption of fatty acids from aquaculture fish offers a wide range of health benefits, including improved cardiovascular health, enhanced cognitive function, anti-inflammatory effects, and support for eye health and prenatal development. These benefits underscore the importance of including omega-3-rich fish in the diet.
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