International Journal of Aquaculture, 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 29-36 http://www.aquapublisher.com/index.php/ija 32 gradual increase in diatoms may indicate improved water transparency and an increase in the abundance of benthic plants. This positive interaction contributes to the recovery and stability of aquatic ecosystems. 2 Ecological Adaptability of Algal Biomarkers 2.1 Response mechanism of algae to pollutants Algae exhibit diverse response mechanisms when affected by pollutants, providing key clues for the assessment of water pollution levels (Li et al., 2022). For example, Diatoms are a type of siliceous shell algae whose cell wall structure plays a unique role in the bioaccumulation of pollutants. The cell wall of diatoms has a high affinity for pollutants such as heavy metals, so in water contaminated with heavy metals, diatoms may accumulate a large amount of these harmful substances (Figure 2). Its bioaccumulation characteristics provide a potential biomarker for monitoring heavy metals in water bodies (Zheng et al., 2023). Figure 2 Accumulation of heavy metals inside algae (Sinaei et al., 2018) Additionally, some algae exhibit resistance to pollutants. Cyanobacteria, a common type of algae, may demonstrate relatively higher growth rates in water bodies rich in organic pollutants. This resistance may be related to the physiological characteristics of Cyanobacteria, such as their ability to adapt to high-temperature environments. The enhanced photosynthetic capacity of Cyanobacteria also contributes to resisting organic pollution in the environment. Therefore, the differential response mechanisms displayed by various algae in the face of pollutants provide more comprehensive information for water quality monitoring. 2.2 Interpretation of temporal and spatial distribution characteristics The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of algal communities are directly related to the health of water bodies. Seasonal changes have a significant impact on algal distribution (Chen et al., 2023). In spring, warm temperatures and ample sunlight provide an ideal environment for algal reproduction. Therefore, water bodies in spring often exhibit higher algal abundance. As temperatures decrease, algal abundance in autumn may decrease, and the conditions suitable for algal growth gradually diminish. In addition to seasonal changes, water depth and geographical location are also important factors influencing the distribution of algal communities. Depth affects the distribution of light and nutrients, so algal communities in water bodies of different depths may exhibit vertical stratification. Geographical location involves factors such as climate and water body type, leading to regional characteristics in algal communities in different locations. For instance, in eutrophic regions, diatoms may dominate, while in waters with a more balanced nutrient content, other types of algae may be more abundant.
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