International Journal of Molecular Zoology, 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 78-89 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmz 84 have found that roads and other obstacles significantly reduce gene exchange among them, lower genetic diversity, and make it more difficult for these snake groups to cope with environmental stress (Clark et al., 2010). Figure 2 Future (2070) range projections of Storeria dekayi using (A) MIROC6 SSP2-4.5 and (B) MRI-ESM2.0 SSP2-4.5 Global Climate Models In regions such as the Grand Chaco and the Atlantic Forests of Brazil, the combined effects of deforestation, land use changes and climate pressure are expected to lead to a decline in biodiversity and a reduction in snake species, which is difficult to completely avoid even within protected areas (Meshaka and Delis, 2021; Cabral et al., 2024). These superimposed threats indicate that it is necessary to formulate comprehensive protection strategies while enhancing habitat connectivity and climate adaptability. 6.3 Invasive snake species and their spread Because of pet trade or accidental escape, humans brought some snakes to new places with suitable climates. Climate change has made this process even faster, providing new habitats for invasive snakes (Jesus et al., 2023; Jesse et al., 2024). These invasive snakes may compete with native snakes for resources or prey on native snakes, disrupt the local food network and threaten the ecological balance, especially in areas with more human interference or ecologically fragile regions such as islands (Jesse et al., 2024). Some snakes are more likely to become successful invaders because they reproduce quickly, eat a wide variety of foods, and can adapt to environments with human interference. With the continuous changes in the global environment, it is expected that the risk of snake invasion will keep rising, which will lead to a further reduction in biodiversity. This problem will be more obvious in areas affected by human activities and climate factors (Jesus et al., 2023; Jesse et al., 2024). 7 Research Progress and Methodological Challenges 7.1 Gaps and deviations in snake distribution data There are obvious gaps and deviations in the global snake distribution data, which affect the accuracy of ecological model construction and protection plan formulation. Most of the distribution records that can be found at present are mainly concentrated in North America, Europe and Oceania. However, in the tropical regions where there are the most snake species, the records are seriously insufficient - on average, there are less than 35 records for each species in Asia, Africa and South America, while there are several hundred records in temperate regions (Guedes et al., 2017). Because the places with more sampling are usually near major universities and scientific research collections, such as the Amazon River Basin and parts of Asia, which are vast biodiversity regions, there are few records. This makes the sampling bias in this region even more serious (Guedes et al., 2017; Marshall and Strine, 2019; Basfore et al., 2024).
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