International Journal of Molecular Zoology, 2025, Vol.15, No.2, 48-57 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmz 55 tolerance will be discovered and used in breeding practice, accelerating the breeding of new strains with stronger adaptability (Yu et al., 2021; Nguinkal et al., 2024). 7.2 Adaptation strategies for freshwater fisheries to climate change Coping with the hypoxia challenge brought about by climate change requires both technology and management: both "hypoxia-tolerant fish" and "high oxygen water" should be cultivated. Only in this way can freshwater fisheries maintain stable production and income under more severe environmental conditions in the future (Galappaththi et al., 2021; Sampaio et al., 2021). In aquaculture management, water oxygenation and water quality improvement measures should be actively taken. At the same time, reducing the degree of eutrophication through the cultivation of aquatic plants or the introduction of microbial preparations can also help reduce the risk of hypoxia. Secondly, selecting and cultivating varieties with stronger resistance to hypoxia is the key to improving adaptability from the source. In addition, it is also very important to strengthen the monitoring and early warning of dissolved oxygen in water bodies. IoT sensing technology can be used to monitor the dissolved oxygen level of aquaculture water and natural waters in real time. Once the oxygen concentration is detected to drop to a critical value, emergency plans can be immediately initiated, such as temporary transfer of farmed fish, local water spraying and oxygenation, etc., to avoid serious losses. From a more macro perspective, mitigating climate change and protecting wetland ecosystems are also fundamental measures to maintain water oxygen content and fishery sustainability (Muringai et al., 2022). 7.3 Cross-species comparison and evolutionary enlightenment of basic research The research value of catfish's hypoxia tolerance has surpassed the species itself. Through comparative studies with other species, the "evolutionary blueprint" of life systems against hypoxia challenges is gradually drawn. This is not only an important topic in ecology and evolutionary biology, but will also have a profound impact on aquaculture, environmental protection, and human health (van der Weele and Jeffery, 2022; Babin et al., 2024). By comparing catfish with other hypoxia-tolerant species (such as crucian carp, loach, blind cave fish, etc.) and species with limited hypoxia tolerance, researchers can extract common mechanisms and evolutionary trends of life systems in response to hypoxia stress. In addition, some unique adaptation "innovations" can be discovered through cross-species comparisons. For example, catfish have evolved air breathing and myoglobin expansion, which most fish do not have; while eels and others have evolved the ability to reduce metabolism and enter a dormant state when hypoxia occurs, which catfish do not have. Comparing these differences helps to understand the diverse strategies of organisms to deal with hypoxia in different evolutionary backgrounds, as well as the fit between these strategies and their respective ecological environments (Mandic and Regan, 2018). Looking forward to the future, as sequencing costs decrease, more genomes of hypoxia-tolerant and hypoxia-intolerant species will be compared, and conserved factors and mutation sites directly related to hypoxia adaptation will be accurately located. Acknowledgments We would like to thank the research team for their suggestions on my manuscript. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Abdelnour S.A., Naiel M.A., Said M.B., Alnajeebi A.M., Nasr F.A., Al-Doaiss A.A., El-Sherbiny M., Abdel-Razek A.G., and Noreldin A.E., 2024, Environmental epigenetics: Exploring phenotypic plasticity and transgenerational adaptation in fish, Environmental Research, 234: 118799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2024.118799 Abdel-Tawwab M., Monier M.N., Hoseinifar S.H., and Faggio C., 2019, Fish response to hypoxia stress: Growth, physiological, and immunological biomarkers, Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 45(4): 997-1013. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-019-00680-1 Babin C.H., Leiva F.P., Verberk W.C., and Rees B.B., 2024, Evolution of key oxygen-sensing genes is associated with hypoxia tolerance in fishes, Genome Biology and Evolution, 16(9): evae183. https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evae183
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