International Journal of Molecular Zoology, 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 297-304 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmz 301 5.2 Pathogen resistance in sled dogs Sled dogs have also developed enhanced resistance to various pathogens, a trait that is vital for their survival in environments where they are exposed to a wide range of infectious agents. Studies on other canid species, such as the raccoon dog, have shown that major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes play a significant role in pathogen resistance through high allelic diversity and positive selection (Bartocillo et al., 2021). Similar mechanisms are likely at play in sled dogs, where pathogen-driven selection has shaped their immune gene repertoire. Additionally, the identification of positively selected genes linked to immunity in other dog populations, such as African dogs, suggests that sled dogs may possess unique genetic adaptations that confer resistance to specific pathogens (Liu et al., 2018). 5.3 Lessons from sled dogs for understanding canine immunogenomics The study of sled dogs provides valuable insights into canine immunogenomics and the broader implications of domestication on immune system evolution. The genetic adaptations observed in sled dogs highlight the role of structural variations and positive selection in shaping immune responses. These findings underscore the importance of considering both natural and artificial selection pressures in the study of domesticated species (Pilot et al., 2016; Serres-Armero et al., 2021). Furthermore, the unique immune profiles of sled dogs can inform research on other canid species and contribute to our understanding of the genetic basis of disease resistance and environmental adaptation in domestic dogs (Wilbe et al., 2010; Vinkler et al., 2023). 6 Future Directions in Canine Immunogenomics 6.1 Emerging technologies for immunogenomic research The field of canine immunogenomics is rapidly evolving with the advent of new technologies. High-quality draft genomes of various canid species, such as the gray wolf and dhole, have provided insights into structural variations (SVs) that are crucial for understanding phenotypic evolution, disease susceptibility, and environmental adaptations in dogs (Wang et al., 2018). Whole genome re-sequencing and the development of fine-scale genomic maps of segmental duplications (SDs) have enabled the identification of copy number variations (CNVs) that play significant roles in sensory perception, immune response, and metabolic processes. Additionally, the Dog10K Consortium aims to sequence 10 000 canid genomes, which will capture the genetic diversity underlying phenotypic and geographical variability, further advancing our understanding of canine immunogenomics (Ostrander et al., 2019). 6.2 Integrating immunogenomics with canine health management Integrating immunogenomic data with canine health management can lead to improved disease prevention and treatment strategies. For instance, the identification of the dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA) 1 blood group in both domestic and non-domestic canids has implications for blood transfusion practices, ensuring compatibility and reducing the risk of transfusion reactions (Charpentier et al., 2020). Moreover, understanding the genetic basis of immune responses, such as the role of natural killer (NK) cells in cancer immunotherapy, can inform the development of targeted treatments for dogs with naturally occurring cancers (Gingrich et al., 2018). The creation of a canine PD-L1 antibody and a caninized PD-L1 mouse model exemplifies how immunogenomic research can translate into effective immunotherapies for both canine and human cancers (Oh et al., 2023). 6.3 Conservation and genetic management of wild canid populations Conservation efforts for wild canid populations can benefit significantly from immunogenomic research. The study of structural variations and CNVs in wild canids, such as gray wolves, can reveal genetic adaptations that are essential for their survival and inform conservation strategies (Serres-Armerong et al., 2017). Additionally, the identification of novel genetic variants, such as the distinct lineage of canine distemper virus (CDV) circulating among domestic dogs in India, highlights the importance of monitoring and managing disease outbreaks in wild canid populations to prevent cross-species transmission and ensure their long-term viability (Bhatt et al., 2019). Integrating immunogenomic data with conservation practices can help maintain genetic diversity and resilience in wild canid populations.
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