International Journal of Molecular Zoology, 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 326-333 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmz 329 Figure 2 Innovative technologies applied to cows (Adopted from Džermeikaitė et al., 2023) 4.2 Cost-effectiveness in long-term livestock management By enabling early detection of diseases and health issues, smart sensors help in reducing veterinary and medical expenses. Early intervention can prevent the need for more extensive and costly treatments, thus lowering overall healthcare costs for livestock (Džermeikaitė et al., 2023). The automation of health monitoring also reduces labor costs associated with manual health checks (Iwasaki et al., 2019). Smart sensors contribute to minimizing losses by ensuring timely detection and management of diseases, which in turn enhances productivity. By maintaining optimal health conditions, livestock can achieve better growth rates and production levels, reducing losses associated with disease outbreaks and poor productivity. Continuous health monitoring and early disease detection facilitated by smart sensors can lead to an extended lifespan for livestock. By maintaining better health and preventing severe illnesses, the overall longevity and productivity of the animals are improved, which is economically beneficial for farmers (Go et al., 2022). 4.3 Contribution to sustainable agriculture practices Smart sensors help in reducing waste and optimizing the use of resources by providing precise data on livestock needs. This allows for more efficient feeding and resource allocation, minimizing waste and enhancing sustainability (Arshad et al., 2022). The data-driven approach ensures that resources are used effectively, contributing to more sustainable farming practices. The implementation of smart sensors supports eco-friendly farming practices by reducing the environmental impact of livestock farming. By optimizing resource use and reducing waste, these technologies help in lowering the carbon footprint of agricultural operations (Halachmi et al., 2019). The precision offered by smart sensors aligns with the goals of sustainable agriculture. Smart sensors play a role in supporting climate-smart agriculture by enabling adaptive management practices that respond to environmental changes. By providing real-time data on environmental conditions and livestock health, farmers can make informed decisions that align with climate-smart strategies (Ronald and Raman, 2024). This adaptability is crucial for maintaining productivity in the face of climate variability. 5 Challenges in Implementing Smart Sensors 5.1 Technological barriers Connectivity remains a significant challenge in rural areas where livestock farms are typically located. The deployment of IoT technology for livestock monitoring often requires stable internet connections, which are not
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