International Journal of Molecular Zoology, 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 326-333 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmz 327 2 Types of Smart Sensors in Livestock Monitoring 2.1 Biometric sensors for physiological data collection Biometric sensors are crucial for monitoring the physiological health of livestock. These sensors are often integrated into wearable devices such as smart collars, which can measure heart rate and body temperature. For instance, the use of pulse sensors and temperature sensors like the MLX90614 in smart collars allows for precise monitoring of these vital signs, providing real-time data to farmers and veterinarians (Figure 1) (Arshad et al., 2022). This continuous monitoring helps in early detection of health issues, thereby improving animal welfare and productivity. Motion and activity tracking sensors are essential for assessing the physical activity and behavior of livestock. These sensors can detect changes in movement patterns, which may indicate health problems or stress. Wearable devices equipped with accelerometers and GPS modules are commonly used to track the location and activity levels of animals, providing valuable insights into their daily routines and overall well-being (Džermeikaitė et al., 2023). Detecting stress and fatigue in livestock is vital for maintaining their health and productivity. Sensors that monitor physiological parameters such as heart rate variability and activity levels can help identify signs of stress and fatigue. By analyzing these data, farmers can implement timely interventions to alleviate stress and improve animal welfare (Yazdanbakhsh et al., 2017). Figure 1 Total parameters for the cow collar (Adopted from Arshad et al., 2022) 2.2 Environmental sensors for farm-level monitoring Environmental sensors play a significant role in monitoring farm conditions. Climate and temperature sensors help maintain optimal environmental conditions for livestock by tracking temperature fluctuations and ensuring a stable climate within the farm. These sensors are often part of an integrated system that regulates environmental parameters to enhance animal health and productivity (Rajendran et al., 2023). Humidity and air quality sensors are crucial for ensuring a healthy environment for livestock. These sensors monitor the levels of humidity and pollutants in the air, which can affect animal health. By maintaining optimal air quality, farmers can prevent respiratory issues and other health problems in their livestock (Iwasaki et al., 2019). Water quality is essential for livestock health, and sensors that monitor water parameters such as pH, temperature, and contamination levels are vital. These systems ensure that livestock have access to clean and safe drinking water, which is crucial for their overall health and productivity. 2.3 Integrated systems combining multiple sensor types Wearable smart collars and ear tags are examples of integrated systems that combine multiple sensor types to provide comprehensive health monitoring. These devices can track physiological data, location, and environmental conditions, offering a holistic view of an animal's health and well-being (Rahmawati et al., 2023). Automated monitoring stations are fixed installations that use a combination of sensors to monitor environmental and physiological parameters. These stations can provide continuous data collection and analysis, enabling real-time decision-making and management of livestock health. Real-time data analytics platforms are essential for processing and analyzing the vast amounts of data generated by smart sensors. These platforms use advanced algorithms to interpret sensor data, providing actionable insights that help farmers make informed decisions about livestock management and health interventions (Halachmi et al., 2019; Ronald and Raman, 2024).
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