International Journal of Molecular Zoology, 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 315-325 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmz 322 performance and benefiting marginal producers (Machado-Ramos et al., 2023). Early life supplementation with natural blends containing turmeric, thymol, and yeast cell wall components has also been found to optimize rumen development and increase body weight gain in young goats, although the long-term productive implications are minor (Belanche et al., 2023). These innovations not only reduce reliance on high-cost feed ingredients but also promote sustainable farming practices. 8.3 Potential of AI and machine learning in optimizing feed formulation Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are poised to revolutionize feed formulation by enabling more precise and efficient feeding strategies. AI-driven algorithms can analyze vast amounts of data to optimize feed composition and delivery, ensuring that each goat receives the right nutrients at the right time. For example, precision feeding systems for pigs and dairy cattle have shown that AI can significantly improve feed efficiency and reduce nutrient waste (Gaillard et al., 2020; Pomar et al., 2021). These technologies can be adapted for goat farming to enhance feed efficiency, reduce costs, and improve overall production efficiency. The integration of AI and ML in feed formulation represents a significant step forward in achieving sustainable and profitable goat farming. 9 Concluding Remarks The optimization of goat feed formulation has been extensively studied with the aim of reducing costs and improving production efficiency. Several methods have been proposed, including the use of linear programming to design optimal feed formulations that minimize costs while meeting nutritional requirements. The incorporation of agro-industrial by-products, such as yeast- or EM-fermented cassava peel, has been shown to replace up to 50% of concentrate without negatively impacting feed intake, digestibility, or growth performance, thereby reducing feed costs by up to 32%. Similarly, the inclusion of tomato pomace in goat diets has been found to improve milk production and quality without adverse effects on animal health, with a 40% inclusion level being optimal. Additionally, the use of yeast-fermented palm kernel cake as a substitute for soybean meal has demonstrated potential in maintaining feed efficiency and reducing costs. Advanced mathematical models, such as multi-objective optimization algorithms, have also been developed to balance cost and nutritional requirements more effectively. Goat farmers and feed producers are encouraged to adopt several strategies to optimize feed formulation. Firstly, utilizing linear programming tools can help in designing cost-effective feed formulations that meet the nutritional needs of goats. Incorporating agro-industrial by-products like cassava peel and tomato pomace can significantly reduce feed costs while maintaining or even enhancing production efficiency. It is also recommended to explore the use of yeast-fermented alternatives to traditional protein sources, such as palm kernel cake, to further reduce costs without compromising feed quality. Additionally, adopting a circular economy approach by using feed leftovers from other livestock systems can improve reproductive performance and overall efficiency. Finally, employing advanced optimization algorithms can provide a comprehensive set of solutions that balance cost and nutritional requirements, facilitating better decision-making. The future of goat feed optimization lies in the integration of advanced technologies and sustainable practices. The use of linear programming and multi-objective optimization algorithms will continue to play a crucial role in developing cost-effective and nutritionally balanced feed formulations. The incorporation of agro-industrial by-products and the adoption of circular economy principles will not only reduce feed costs but also promote environmental sustainability. As research progresses, the development of more precise and adaptable feed formulations will be essential to meet the evolving needs of goat production systems. By embracing these innovations, the goat farming industry can achieve greater efficiency, profitability, and sustainability in the long term. Acknowledgments We would like to thank Professor Jiang Y. for his invaluable guidance, insightful suggestions, and continuous support throughout the development of this study.
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