International Journal of Molecular Zoology, 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 315-325 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmz 320 waste and improve feed efficiency (Figure 2) (Machado-Ramos et al., 2023). This strategy not only provided a cost-effective feed source but also enhanced the reproductive performance of the goats during the off-season. Figure 2 Schematic representation of the experimental protocol in of multiparous crossbred/rangeland goats (n = 38) (i.e., extensive system) receiving (S) or not (NS) a nutritional supplementation of feed leftovers from a dairy cow enterprise (i.e., intensive system) in Northern Mexico (Adopted from Machado-Ramos et al., 2023) 6.3 Outcomes and benefits observed (cost reduction, increased productivity) The implementation of these feed formulation strategies led to significant outcomes and benefits for the farm. Firstly, there was a noticeable reduction in feed costs due to the utilization of dairy cow feed leftovers and the precise calculation of balanced rations. The farm observed a 7.4% increase in milk productivity, attributed to the improved nutritional intake of the goats. Additionally, the reproductive performance of the goats improved, with higher ovulation and pregnancy rates observed during the off-season, which was a direct result of the targeted supplementation strategy. Overall, these changes contributed to a more efficient and cost-effective production system. 6.4 Lessons learned and implications for broader application Several key lessons were learned from this case study. Firstly, the importance of precise feed formulation cannot be overstated. Utilizing advanced systems like "RATIONS" can significantly enhance the nutritional intake of goats, leading to increased productivity and reduced costs. Secondly, adopting a circular economy approach by using feed leftovers from other livestock farms can provide a sustainable and cost-effective feed source, improving overall farm efficiency. Lastly, the integration of modern technologies and data-driven decision-making tools, such as the Eskardillo system, can further optimize farm management and contribute to sustainable intensification (Belanche et al., 2019). The implications for broader application are clear. Farms in similar regions or with similar breeds can adopt these strategies to improve their production efficiency and reduce costs. The use of advanced feed formulation systems and the incorporation of feed leftovers can be particularly beneficial in regions with limited feed resources or high feed costs. Additionally, the integration of data-driven tools can help farmers make informed decisions, leading to better management practices and improved productivity. 7 Sustainability in Goat Feed Formulation 7.1 Incorporating locally sourced ingredients Incorporating locally sourced ingredients into goat feed formulations can significantly enhance sustainability by reducing transportation-related greenhouse gas emissions and supporting local economies. For instance, the use of
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