International Journal of Molecular Zoology, 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 315-325 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmz 319 2021). Additionally, the inclusion of natural plant extracts and yeast cell wall components in early life diets can optimize rumen development and reduce the incidence of health issues, thereby promoting safer and more efficient feed utilization (Belanche et al., 2023). These strategies highlight the importance of addressing feed safety concerns to ensure the well-being and productivity of goats. Table 1 Milk yield and composition in lactating Damascus goats fed diets containing Moringa oleifera and Chlorella vulgaris microalgae (n= 15) (Adopted from Kholif et al., 2022) Diet 1 pValues Control MA20 MA40 SEM Diet Control vs. Others Production, g/d (unless stated otherwise) Milk 876b 1003a 1023a 32.0 0.005 0.001 Energy corrected milk (ECM) 839b 1066a 1030a 33.3 <0.001 <0.001 Fat corrected milk (4% FCM) 828b 1026a 998a 32.0 0.001 <0.001 Milk energy output, MJ/d 2.58b 3.29a 3.18a 0.103 <0.001 <0.001 Total solids 108b 137a 132a 4.3 <0.001 <0.001 Solids non-fat 76.3b 95.4a 92.0a 3.07 0.002 <0.001 Fat 31.8b 41.1a 39.8a 1.29 <0.001 <0.001 Protein 32.9b 40.7a 39.7a 1.41 0.006 0.002 Lactose 36.2b 46.2a 44.0a 1.40 <0.001 <0.001 Composition, g/kg unless stated otherwise Total solids 123 133 131 3.96 0.062 0.066 Solids non-fat 87.0 93.3 91.8 3.97 0.055 0.072 Fat 36.3b 40.2a 39.7a 0.37 <0.001 <0.001 Protein 37.6 39.8 39.5 2.52 0.091 0.205 Lactose 41.3b 45.2a 43.9a 0.58 0.001 <0.001 Milk energy content, MJ/kg 2.94b 3.22a 3.17a 0.022 <0.001 <0.001 Feed efficiency Milk: intake ratio 0.74b 0.87a 0.86a 0.028 0.004 0.009 ECM: intake ratio 0.71b 0.91a 0.89a 0.030 <0.001 <0.001 FCM: intake ratio 0.70b 0.88a 0.86a 0.028 <0.001 <0.001 Note: a,b Means in the same row with different superscripts differ at p < 0.05. p-value is the observed significance level of the F-test for treatment; SEM, standard error of the mean. 1 Diets: Concentrate mixture in the control diet was replaced with Chlorella vulgaris microalgae (at 1%) and Moringa oleifera silage at 0% (Control diet), 20% (MA20 diet) or 40% (MA40 diet), DM basis (Adopted from Kholif et al., 2022) 6 Case Study 6.1 Background and overview of the selected goat farm/region The selected goat farm is located in the North-West District of Russia, focusing on the Saanen breed, known for its high milk production potential. This region experiences a temperate climate, which influences the feeding strategies and overall management practices. The farm has been operational for over a decade and has recently adopted advanced feed formulation techniques to enhance productivity and reduce costs (Moroz and Samorukov, 2020). 6.2 Implemented feed formulation strategies and changes made The farm implemented several feed formulation strategies to optimize the nutrition of their dairy goats. One of the primary changes was the introduction of the "RATIONS" information and analytical system to calculate balanced rations tailored to the nutrient requirements of the Saanen goats. This system allowed for precise adjustments in feeding rates, ensuring that the goats received adequate nutrition to maximize milk production. Additionally, the farm incorporated feed leftovers from nearby dairy cow farms, following a circular economy approach to reduce
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