International Journal of Molecular Zoology, 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 305-314 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmz 312 insemination (AI). The integration of ovum pick-up (OPU) with IVEP has emerged as a viable alternative to traditional superovulation methods, offering a means to exploit the genetics of high-yield buffaloes despite challenges in embryo recovery. Additionally, the use of antioxidants like rutin and chlorogenic acid has been shown to enhance sperm quality and fertility during cryopreservation, addressing the issue of cryoinjury in buffalo sperm. Future research should focus on refining synchronization protocols to further enhance reproductive efficiency, particularly in non-cyclic buffaloes, where current methods show limited success. There is also a need to improve the cost-effectiveness and success rates of IVEP, making it more accessible for commercial use. Investigating the genetic and environmental factors affecting OPU/IVEP efficiency could lead to more tailored and effective reproductive strategies. Moreover, exploring the potential of emerging technologies such as genomic-assisted selection and advanced cryopreservation techniques could accelerate genetic gains and improve overall herd productivity. Reproductive technologies play a crucial role in enhancing the genetic potential and productivity of water buffalo herds. By improving reproductive efficiency and enabling the propagation of superior genetics, these technologies contribute significantly to sustainable buffalo production. The continued development and optimization of these technologies are essential for meeting the growing demand for buffalo products, such as milk and meat, while ensuring the conservation of this economically important species. As these technologies evolve, they will not only improve productivity but also support the long-term sustainability of buffalo farming. Acknowledgments We are grateful to Dr. Chen for critically reading the manuscript and providing valuable feedback that improved the clarity of the text. We express our heartfelt gratitude to the two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments on the manuscript. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Ahmad N., and Arshad U., 2020, Synchronization and resynchronization strategies to improve fertility in dairy buffaloes, Theriogenology, 150: 173-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.01.025 Andrei C., Posastiuc F., Constantin N., and Mitrea I., 2024, New insights into semen separation techniques in buffaloes, Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10: 1347482. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1347482 Atabay E., Atabay E., Maylem E., Encarnacion É., and Salazar R., 2020, Enhancing prostaglandin-based estrus synchronization protocol for artificial insemination in water buffaloes, Buffalo Bulletin, 39: 53-60. Baruselli P., Carvalho J., Elliff F., Silva J., Chello D., and Carvalho N., 2020, Embryo transfer in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), Theriogenology, 150: 221-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.01.037 Baruselli P., Soares J., Bayeux B., Silva J., Mingoti R., and Carvalho N., 2018, Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) in water buffaloes, Animal Reproduction, 15: 971-983. https://doi.org/10.21451/1984-3143-AR2018-0043 Bm O., 2019, Reproduction in water buffalo: comparative aspects and implications for management, Bioscientifica Proceedings, 54: 157-168. https://doi.org/10.1530/BIOSCIPROCS.4.012 Chebel R., and Cunha T., 2020, Optimization of timing of insemination of dairy heifers inseminated with sex-sorted semen, Journal of Dairy Science, 103(6): 5591-5603. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-17870 Coman S., Berean D., Cîmpean R., Ciupe S., Coman I., and Bogdan L., 2024, Clinical modalities for enhancing reproductive efficiency in buffaloes: a review and practical aspects for veterinary practitioners, Animals, 14(18): 2642. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14182642 Currin L., Baldassarre H., and Bordignon V., 2021, In vitro production of embryos from prepubertal holstein cattle and mediterranean water buffalo: problems, progress and potential, Animals, 11(8): 2275. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11082275
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