International Journal of Molecular Zoology, 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 305-314 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmz 311 Figure 3 Overview of LOPU-IVEP in prepubertal buffalo and cattle (Adopted from Currin et al., 2021) Image caption: (A): Flow chart showing the typical steps involved in prepubertal LOPU-IVEP programs. (B): Comparison between adult and prepubertal breeding schemes, showing the advantages and drawbacks of each. Figure created with BioRender.com, accessed on 30 July 2021 (Adopted from Currin et al., 2021) 8 Strategies for Improving Reproductive Efficiency in Water Buffalo 8.1 Training and capacity building for farmers and technicians Training and capacity building are crucial for enhancing reproductive efficiency in water buffalo. Educating farmers and technicians on the latest assisted reproductive technologies (ART) such as estrous synchronization and artificial insemination can significantly improve outcomes. For instance, understanding the timing and administration of hormones like GnRH and hCG during AI can lead to higher pregnancy rates, as demonstrated in various studies (Atabay et al., 2020; Coman et al., 2024). Additionally, training on the management of reproductive disorders and the use of ovum pick-up (OPU) and in vitro embryo production (IVEP) can further enhance reproductive success (Baruselli et al., 2018; Qg et al., 2020). 8.2 Strengthening infrastructure for reproductive technologies Strengthening infrastructure is essential to support the implementation of advanced reproductive technologies. This includes establishing facilities for OPU and IVEP, which are critical for improving genetic gains in buffalo herds (Qg et al., 2020). Moreover, ensuring the availability of necessary equipment and resources for cryopreservation and embryo transfer can mitigate the effects of seasonal breeding patterns and improve overall reproductive efficiency (Da Silva et al., 2021). Infrastructure improvements also involve creating environments that reduce stress and improve the welfare of buffaloes, which can positively impact fertility (Zicarelli et al., 2019). 8.3 Policy interventions and incentives Policy interventions and incentives play a vital role in promoting the adoption of reproductive technologies. Governments and agricultural bodies can provide subsidies or financial incentives for farmers who implement ART, thereby reducing the economic burden and encouraging widespread use. Policies that support research and development in buffalo reproduction can lead to innovations that further enhance reproductive efficiency. Additionally, creating awareness and providing access to veterinary services can help address reproductive health issues and improve herd productivity (Devkota et al., 2022; Coman et al., 2024). In summary, improving reproductive efficiency in water buffalo requires a multifaceted approach involving training, infrastructure development, and supportive policies. By focusing on these areas, the productivity and genetic potential of buffalo herds can be significantly enhanced. 9 Concluding Remarks The optimization of reproductive technologies in water buffalo has seen significant advancements, particularly in the areas of estrus synchronization and in vitro embryo production (IVEP). Estrus synchronization protocols, such as Ovsynch and its modifications, have improved pregnancy rates by allowing precise timing for artificial
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