International Journal of Molecular Zoology, 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 305-314 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmz 308 4.2 Precision breeding using genomic selection Precision breeding through genomic selection is an emerging approach that leverages detailed genomic data to enhance breeding programs. This method allows for the selection of genetically superior animals, thereby accelerating genetic gain. The integration of genomic selection with assisted reproductive technologies, such as in vitro embryo production, can significantly improve the efficiency of breeding programs by ensuring that only the best genetic material is propagated (Singh et al., 2020; Currin et al., 2021). 4.3 Advances in reproductive biomarkers for fertility prediction Recent advances in the identification of reproductive biomarkers have improved the ability to predict fertility in water buffalo. Proteomic profiling of spermatozoa has identified specific proteins associated with high fertility, which can be used as biomarkers to assess the fertilizing potential of semen before artificial insemination. This approach helps mitigate economic losses due to failed pregnancies by ensuring that only semen with high fertilizing potential is used (Karanwal et al., 2023; Andrei et al., 2024). In summary, the integration of genome editing, precision breeding, and the use of reproductive biomarkers represents a significant advancement in optimizing reproductive technologies in water buffalo. These emerging technologies hold the potential to enhance genetic gain, improve fertility rates, and increase the overall efficiency of breeding programs (Warriach et al., 2015; Zicarelli, 2019). Figure 2 Representation of differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) in high and low fertile spermatozoa (Adopted from Karanwal et al., 2023) Image caption: (A) Heat map showing differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) among the replicates of HF and LF groups. Intense blue colour represents high abundance of proteins while white colour represents low abundance of proteins. (B) Volcano plot of all DAPs identified in the proteomics data determine by log fold change vs. –log10 p-value. Red points: DAPs that were significantly high abundant in high fertile bull (fold change >2; p < 0.05). Blue points: DAPs that were significantly low abundant in high fertile bull (fold change <0.5; p < 0.05). Grey points: DAPs that showed neutral abundance. Volcano plot showing the significantly abundant proteins determine by log fold change (log fold) vs. -log10 p-value. (C) PCA plot representing the level of variances between the replicates of HF and LF samples (Adopted from Karanwal et al., 2023)
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