International Journal of Molecular Zoology 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 255-264 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmz 260 Figure 3 Summary of various heat stress-related physiological and biochemical changes occurring at various systems level in the body of the dairy cows. Phrases with the indication of “~” indicate changes typical of heat stressed animals. (LPS= lipopolysaccharides, VFAs= volatile fatty acids) (Adopted from Sammad et al., 2020) Feeding TMR in early lactation has demonstrated positive outcomes, including higher fat-plus-protein and lactose yields, reduced concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids, and smaller BCS losses (Brady et al., 2021). However, challenges such as managing the negative energy balance (NEBAL) during heat stress remain, as high milk production increases internal heat loads, leading to reduced milk yield and reproductive performance (Sammad et al., 2020). Additionally, while concentrate supplementation strategies can improve energy balance, they require careful management to avoid metabolic disorders and ensure optimal health and productivity (Steinwidder et al., 2021). The use of exogenous enzymes like carbohydrases has been shown to enhance the digestibility of saturated fat and protein, improving energy utilization by approximately 4%. This not only boosts growth performance but also enhances feed efficiency by reducing nutrient flow into the hindgut, which can otherwise fuel pathogenic bacteria proliferation (Musigwa et al., 2021). Accurate energy evaluation through NE systems further supports precision feeding, leading to optimized growth and cost-effectiveness in poultry production. 5.3Swine Optimizing energy utilization in swine involves nutritional grouping and the use of machine-learning techniques to better sort animals according to their energy and protein requirements. This approach allows for more precise
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjQ4ODYzNA==