International Journal of Molecular Zoology 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 255-264 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmz 258 Figure 1 Distribution of carbohydrates in the plant (modified from Hall and Eastridge, 2014) and their respective ruminal degradation and fermentation properties (estimated as the relative potential in %) (Adopted from Klevenhusen and Zebeli, 2021) Image caption: The blue colored carbohydrates indicate digestibility by the animal and gut microbes; green colored carbohydrates can only be digested by gut microbes. Relative potential in the rumen of ruminal degradation rate (image), lactate release (image), SCFA formation (image), acetate-to-propionate ratio (image) and the risk of causing subacute ruminal acidosis (image). Abbreviations: ESC, ethanol-soluble carbohydrates; WSC, water-soluble carbohydrates; NFC, non-fiber carbohydrates; NDSF, neutral-detergent-soluble fiber; NDF, neutral-detergent fiber (Adopted from Klevenhusen and Zebeli, 2021) Figure 2 Feed availability and diet nutrient profile determine nutrient intake, which is affected by endocrine regulators such as gut peptides and by other mechanisms of control of intake such as hepatic energy charge or gut fill (Adopted from Piantoni and VandeHaar, 2022) Image caption: Nutrients will be used for maintenance, pregnancy, body reserves, or milk depending on stage of lactation or gestation. Endocrine regulators, such as growth hormone and insulin, and tissue responsiveness to them will determine the partitioning of nutrients between milk and body reserves. Several factors can affect the synthetic capacity of the mammary gland, including endocrine regulators (e.g., growth hormone), available nutrients (e.g., certain amino acids and fatty acids), environment (e.g., heat stress), management (e.g., milking frequency), and genetics, and therefore, the pull of nutrients to produce milk (Adopted from Piantoni and VandeHaar, 2022)
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