International Journal of Molecular Zoology 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 273-280 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmz 278 Future research should focus on exploring the specific factors contributing to pre-operative stress in dogs and how these stressors can be mitigated through targeted behavioral training. Additionally, there is a need for more comprehensive studies that examine the long-term effects of pre-surgical behavioral interventions on post-operative recovery outcomes. Investigating different types of behavioral training programs and their timing relative to surgery could provide valuable insights into optimizing recovery protocols. Furthermore, expanding the sample size and including a more diverse population of dogs in terms of breed, age, and health status would enhance the generalizability of the findings. Behavioral training before surgery plays a crucial role in managing pre-operative stress and potentially improving recovery outcomes in dogs. The variations in stress responses observed in the study underscore the need for individualized approaches to pre-surgical care. By addressing the specific needs of each dog, it is possible to enhance their overall well-being and facilitate a smoother recovery process. Although early post-operative rehabilitation did not show significant benefits in the studied context, the safety of such interventions suggests that they can be part of a holistic approach to canine surgical care. Overall, integrating behavioral training into pre-surgical protocols holds promise for improving the welfare and recovery of canine patients. Acknowledgments Thanks to the anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments and suggestions that greatly improved the manuscript. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The author affirms that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Alvarez L., Repac J., Shaw K., and Compton N., 2022, Systematic review of postoperative rehabilitation interventions after cranial cruciate ligament surgery in dogs, Veterinary Surgery, 51(2): 233-243. https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.13755 Battistuzzo C., Callister R., Callister R., and Gale, M., 2012, A systematic review of exercise training to promote locomotor recovery in animal models of spinal cord injury, Journal of Neurotrauma, 29(8): 1600-1613. https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2011.2199 Bennaim M., Porato M., Jarleton A., Hamon M., Carroll J., Gommeren K., and Balligand M., 2017, Preliminary evaluation of the effects of photobiomodulation therapy and physical rehabilitation on early postoperative recovery of dogs undergoing hemilaminectomy for treatment of thoracolumbar intervertebral disk disease, American Journal of Veterinary Research, 78(2): 195-206. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.78.2.195 Bergen-Cico D., Smith Y., Wolford K., Gooley C., Hannon K., Woodruff R., Spicer M., and Gump B., 2018, Dog ownership and training reduces post-traumatic stress symptoms and increases self-compassion among veterans: results of a longitudinal control study, Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 24(12): 1166-1175. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2018.0179 Chen M.Y., and Liu C.C., 2023, Exploring the behavior and social competence of feline, International Journal of Molecular Veterinary Research, 13(1): 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5376/ijmvr.2023.13.0001 Garde E., Pérez G., Vanderstichel R., Villa P., and Serpell J., 2016, Effects of surgical and chemical sterilization on the behavior of free-roaming male dogs in Puerto Natales, Chile, Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 123: 106-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.11.011 Gouveia D., Carvalho C., Cardoso A., Gamboa Ó., Almeida A., Ferreira A., and Martins Â., 2022, Early locomotor training in tetraplegic post-surgical dogs with cervical intervertebral disc disease, Animals, 12(18): 2369. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12182369 Hernández-Ávalos I., Flores-Gasca E., Mota-Rojas D., Casas-Alvarado A., Miranda-Cortés A., and Domínguez-Oliva A., 2021, Neurobiology of anesthetic-surgical stress and induced behavioral changes in dogs and cats: a review, Veterinary World, 14(2): 393-404. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.393-404 Jeong I., Piao Z., Rahman M., Kim S., and Kim N., 2019, Canine thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation and rehabilitation therapy after surgical decompression: a retrospective study, Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research, 6(3): 394. https://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2019.f359 Juodžentė D., Karvelienė B., and Riškevičienė V., 2018, The influence of the duration of the preoperative time spent in the veterinary clinic without the owner on the psychogenic and oxidative stress in dogs, The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 80(7): 1129-1133. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.18-0066
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