International Journal of Molecular Zoology 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 273-280 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmz 274 insights into the development of effective pre-surgical training protocols, ultimately improving the quality of care and recovery for canine patients. 2 Pre-Surgical Behavioral Training 2.1 Definition and objectives Pre-surgical behavioral training refers to a set of interventions aimed at preparing patients, for surgery by optimizing their physical, functional, and psychological states (Katsura et al., 2015; Ma et al., 2018). The primary objectives of this training are to enhance the overall health and resilience of the patient, reduce surgical stress, and improve post-operative recovery outcomes (Sibbern et al., 2017). This approach is grounded in the understanding that a well-prepared patient is more likely to experience fewer complications and a faster return to normal function post-surgery (Yau et al., 2020). 2.2 Common techniques and approaches Common techniques in pre-surgical behavioral training include physical exercise, nutritional optimization, and psychological support. Physical exercise programs, such as aerobic training and inspiratory muscle training, are designed to improve cardiovascular and muscular strength, which can be beneficial for recovery (Onerup et al., 2013). Nutritional interventions focus on ensuring the patient is in optimal health before surgery, which can involve dietary adjustments and supplements. Psychological support, including mind-body therapies like relaxation, guided imagery, and hypnosis, aims to reduce pre-surgical anxiety and improve mental well-being (Nelson et al., 2013). These interventions are often multimodal, combining several techniques to address different aspects of the patient's health (Levett et al., 2016). 2.3 Rationale for behavioral training prior to surgery The rationale for implementing behavioral training prior to surgery is supported by evidence suggesting that patients who are better prepared physically and psychologically tend to have better surgical outcomes. For instance, preoperative exercise has been shown to improve physical fitness and aid in faster recovery post-surgery (Vermillion et al., 2018). Psychological interventions can reduce anxiety and improve pain management, which are critical for a smoother recovery process. In dogs, similar principles apply; interventions such as pre-surgical exercise and psychological conditioning can help reduce post-operative pain and improve functional recovery (Zidan et al., 2018a; Zidan et al., 2018b). Overall, pre-surgical behavioral training aims to create a more resilient patient, capable of withstanding the stresses of surgery and recovering more efficiently. 3 Impact of Pre-Surgical Training on Recovery 3.1 Physiological effects Pre-surgical training can have significant physiological effects on dogs undergoing surgery. For instance, studies have shown that rehabilitation protocols, whether basic or intensive, do not significantly improve the rate or level of recovery in dogs with incomplete spinal cord injuries (SCI) post-surgery (Zidan et al., 2018b). However, other interventions such as pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) have been found to reduce post-operative pain and enhance proprioceptive placing, indicating a potential benefit in physiological recovery (Zidan et al., 2018a). Additionally, body weight-supported treadmill training (BWSTT) has been shown to lead to faster and more effective recovery compared to conventional over-ground training in dogs with incomplete SCI. 3.2 Psychological effects Psychological factors play a crucial role in the recovery process. Pre-surgical mind-body therapies, including relaxation, guided imagery, and hypnosis, have been shown to improve psychological well-being, although the evidence for their efficacy in improving physiological outcomes is limited (Nelson et al., 2013). Psychological interventions such as guided relaxation and psychiatric interviews have been associated with better early surgical recovery outcomes in humans, suggesting potential benefits for dogs as well (Mavros et al., 2011). Furthermore, desensitization and counter-conditioning training programs have been found to reduce fear and anxiety in dogs, which could positively impact their overall recovery experience (Stellato et al., 2019).
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjQ4ODYzNA==