International Journal of Molecular Zoology 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 255-264 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmz 261 feeding strategies, improving feed efficiency and overall production (Lopez et al., 2022). Additionally, incorporating energy additives into the diet can enhance metabolism and nitrogen use, further supporting growth and development (Nafikova et al., 2021). Nutritional grouping and machine-learning techniques have shown potential in improving feed efficiency by better matching diets to the specific requirements of different groups of animals, which can lead to improved growth performance and meat quality (Lopez et al., 2022). The use of energy additives has also been associated with increased nitrogen use and improved feed digestion, resulting in better growth rates and potentially enhanced meat quality (Nafikova et al., 2021). However, these strategies require careful implementation to ensure they meet the specific needs of the animals and do not lead to imbalances or health issues (Nafikova et al., 2021; Lopez et al., 2022). 6 Challenges and Future Perspectives 6.1 Current limitations in nutritional strategies Current nutritional strategies in agricultural production face several limitations and challenges. One significant issue is the variability in metabolic efficiency among animals, which can be influenced by environmental conditions and genetic factors. For instance, beef cows often encounter dynamic and highly variable nutritional environments that periodically fail to meet their nutrient and energy requirements, leading to reduced metabolic efficiency (Mulliniks and Beard, 2018). Additionally, the metabolic challenges during high milk production periods in dairy cows can negatively impact their immune system, reproductive performance, and overall animal welfare (Gross and Bruckmaier, 2019). Another challenge is the need for a more integrated approach that considers the interactions between nutrition, genetics, and environmental conditions. The lack of complete integration of these factors often results in substantial variation in metabolic and reproductive efficiency among animals within production systems (Mulliniks and Beard, 2018). Furthermore, traditional methodologies in animal nutrition research, while still valuable, need to be complemented with modern technologies and genomic tools to provide more targeted nutritional strategies tailored to individual genetic potential (Harmon, 2021). 6.2 Emerging research and innovations 6.2.1 Potential future strategies and technologies for improving energy metabolism Emerging research and innovations offer promising strategies for improving energy metabolism in agricultural production. One potential approach is the development of metabolically potent supplementation strategies that target enhanced energy metabolism and endocrine mechanisms. These strategies could increase metabolic and economic efficiency in beef cows by enabling them to adapt better to environmental changes and optimize their energy utilization (Mulliniks and Beard, 2018). Additionally, the use of tailored total mixed rations (TMR) in dairy cows during early lactation has shown positive effects on milk output, metabolic status, and body condition score (BCS) profile. Feeding TMR can reduce concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyric acid, leading to improved metabolic health and productivity (Brady et al., 2021). 6.2.2 Role of genetics and personalized nutrition in future advancements The role of genetics and personalized nutrition is becoming increasingly important in advancing animal energy metabolism. Genetic improvement dictates that nutritional requirements be continually reassessed and refined to match the evolving genetic potential of animals (Harmon, 2021). Personalized nutrition strategies that consider individual genetic profiles can optimize nutrient intake and improve overall metabolic efficiency. Moreover, breeding for high metabolic plasticity in early-lactating dairy cows could enhance their resilience and performance without compromising health. This approach emphasizes the importance of metabolic adaptation and plasticity at different functional stages of the mammary gland, which can lead to more sustainable milk production (Gross and Bruckmaier, 2019).
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