International Journal of Molecular Zoology 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 233-243 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmz 240 where specific genotypes confer resistance or susceptibility to infection. Similarly, the genetic basis of resistance to infections such as HIV in humans highlights the role of host genetic heterogeneity in disease progression and susceptibility. Additionally, the presence of co-infecting pathogens can alter the host's susceptibility to other infections, as demonstrated in wild voles where co-infections had a larger effect on disease dynamics than other factors. Environmental factors, including anthropogenic pressures, also play a crucial role in the spread of antimicrobial resistance in wildlife, as evidenced by the widespread dissemination of cephalosporinases in various wildlife species due to human activities. Addressing the complexities of differential infection in wildlife necessitates a multidisciplinary approach. Integrating genetic, ecological, and environmental studies can provide a comprehensive understanding of disease dynamics. For instance, the study of antimicrobial resistance in wildlife has benefited from the One Health approach, which considers the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. Multidisciplinary research has also been pivotal in identifying the role of wildlife in the transmission of bacterial pathogens and antimicrobial resistance to the food chain, highlighting the need for collaborative efforts across various scientific disciplines. Furthermore, the use of advanced molecular techniques and genome-wide analyses has provided new insights into host-pathogen interactions and the genetic basis of disease resistance, underscoring the importance of integrating diverse scientific methodologies. Future research should focus on filling the existing knowledge gaps and addressing the emerging challenges in wildlife disease management. There is a need for more studies employing molecular methods to understand the direction and importance of pathogen transmission between wildlife and other ecosystems. Additionally, research should aim to identify point sources of antibiotic resistance and evaluate the effectiveness of management practices in mitigating the spread of resistance. Conservation efforts should prioritize the development of surveillance and control strategies to monitor and manage the spread of infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance in wildlife populations. Understanding the genetic basis of disease resistance and susceptibility can also inform breeding programs and conservation strategies aimed at enhancing the resilience of wildlife populations to emerging diseases. Overall, a concerted effort involving multidisciplinary research and collaborative conservation initiatives is essential to address the complex challenges posed by differential infection in wildlife. Acknowledgments AnimalSci Publisher thanks to the anonymous peer review experts for their time and feedback. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Bancroft B., Han B., Searle C., Biga L., Olson D., Kats L., Lawler J., and Blaustein A., 2011, Species-level correlates of susceptibility to the pathogenic amphibian fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the United States, Biodiversity and Conservation, 20: 1911-1920. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-011-0066-4 Becker D., Albery G., Kessler M., Lunn T., Falvo C., Czirják G., Martin L., and Plowright R., 2019, Macroimmunology: the drivers and consequences of spatial patterns in wildlife immune defense, Journal of Animal Ecology, 89(4): 972-995. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13166 PMid:31856309 PMCid:PMC7138727 Becker D., Streicker D., and Altizer S., 2015, Linking anthropogenic resources to wildlife-pathogen dynamics: a review and meta-analysis, Ecology Letters, 18(5): 483-495. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12428 PMid:25808224 PMCid:PMC4403965 Brannelly L., McCallum H., Grogan L., Briggs C., Ribas M., Hollanders M., Sasso T., López M., Newell D., and Kilpatrick A., 2020, Mechanisms underlying host persistence following amphibian disease emergence determine appropriate management strategies, Ecology Letters, 24(1): 130-148. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.13621 PMid:33067922 Cogni R., Cao C., Day J., Bridson C., and Jiggins F., 2016, The genetic architecture of resistance to virus infection in Drosophila, Molecular Ecology, 25(20): 5228-5241. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.13769 PMid:27460507 PMCid:PMC5082504
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