International Journal of Molecular Zoology 2024, Vol.14, No.4, 222-232 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmz 227 by altering the genetic and metabolic repertoire of fishes (Sun et al., 2015). This discovery underscores the potential of HGT to contribute to the evolutionary processes in vertebrates, expanding our understanding of genetic exchange across different domains of life. Figure 2 Evolutionary relationships among all members of the Midas cichlid species complex (Adopted from Kautt et al., 2020) Image caption: a, Simplified demographic history with colonization and first sympatric speciation times (in years ago, ya) inferred from model-based coalescent simulations. b, Major phenotypic axes that have been suggested to contribute to population divergence and speciation in Midas cichlid fishes. c, Map of the Nicaraguan great lakes (GL) and crater lakes (CL) (image credit: NASA/JPL/NIMA). d, Dimensionality reduction (t-SNE) of whole-genome genotype data reveals clustering by lake and described species (two species in GLs Nicaragua and Managua, six species in CL Apoyo, and four species in CL Xiloá). Representative specimens are shown for each species and lake population, with dark/gold and thin- or thick-lipped morphs. White circles represent individuals of mixed ancestry (Adopted from Kautt et al., 2020) 7 Future Directions in Fish Comparative Genomics 7.1 Emerging technologies and their potential The field of fish comparative genomics is poised to benefit significantly from emerging technologies. Advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) have already transformed our ability to generate high-quality genomic data for a wide array of fish species, including both model and non-model organisms. The vast amount of genomic data generated by NGS requires sophisticated bioinformatics tools for analysis and interpretation (Li, 2024). The development of chromosome-level genome assemblies, termed "chromonomes," is particularly promising as it enables large-scale conserved synteny analyses, which are crucial for accurate orthology detection and understanding genome connectivity (Braasch et al., 2015). Additionally, the application of ancient DNA (aDNA) techniques to fish genomics is opening new avenues for investigating evolutionary processes and ecological dynamics over historical timescales (Oosting et al., 2019). These technological advancements are expected to continue driving the field forward, providing deeper insights into the genetic basis of biodiversity and adaptation in fish.
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