International Journal of Molecular Zoology 2024, Vol.14, No.3, 141-153 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmz 148 changes were meticulously noted, and feather samples were collected periodically for detailed analysis. The study also involved the use of spectrophotometry to analyze the reflectance properties of the plumage, allowing for precise measurement of color and pattern changes over time. Behavioral observations were supplemented with data on habitat use, feeding habits, and social interactions to provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing DPM in this species (Vaquero-Alba et al., 2016). 7.2 Findings and observations The study revealed that juvenile males of the White-bellied Shortwing exhibit delayed plumage maturation, retaining a subadult, female-like plumage for up to two years. Initial observations indicated that the juvenile plumage, characterized by duller, more cryptic coloration, provides significant camouflage, reducing predation risk. Subadult males were found to integrate more successfully into the social structure of mixed-age flocks, experiencing less aggression from dominant adult males compared to those exhibiting early maturation. Spectrophotometric analysis showed distinct differences in the reflectance properties of juvenile and adult plumages. Juvenile males displayed lower levels of UV reflectance, which is a critical factor in mate selection and social signaling among birds. Behavioral observations noted that subadult males engaged less frequently in territorial disputes and were more focused on foraging and survival activities. The delayed acquisition of adult plumage correlated with an increase in survival rates during the critical early years, aligning with the hypothesis that DPM functions as an adaptive strategy to balance the costs of reproduction and survival (Lyu et al., 2015). 7.3 Interpretation and significance The findings from this study underscore the adaptive significance of delayed plumage maturation in the White-bellied Shortwing. The retention of juvenile plumage appears to confer several survival advantages, including reduced predation and social aggression. By avoiding early conflicts with more dominant adult males, juvenile birds can allocate more resources towards growth and survival, ultimately enhancing their long-term reproductive success. This strategy aligns with the status signaling hypothesis, which posits that subadult plumage serves as an honest signal of subordinate status, thereby reducing aggressive interactions and facilitating social integration (Allen et al., 2022). Moreover, the study highlights the importance of environmental factors in shaping the evolutionary strategies of species inhabiting high-altitude ecosystems. The montane shola forests present unique challenges and opportunities that influence the life history traits of the White-bellied Shortwing. Understanding these adaptive strategies is crucial for developing effective conservation measures, especially in the face of habitat fragmentation and climate change. By preserving the integrity of these habitats, we can support the natural behaviors and survival mechanisms of this and other endemic species (Robin, 2010). 8 Comparative Analysis with Other Species 8.1 Examples from similar species Delayed plumage maturation (DPM) is a common phenomenon in many bird species, providing various survival and social advantages. For instance, the Lazuli Bunting (Passerina amoena) exhibits DPM where juvenile males retain a female-like plumage, which helps them avoid aggression from adult males and reduces predation risks. This strategy aligns with the status-signaling hypothesis, allowing young males to integrate into social structures without provoking conflicts (Lyu et al., 2015; Castaneda et al., 2017). In Long-tailed Manakins (Chiroxiphia linearis), males go through several predefinitive plumage stages before attaining adult plumage. These stages include juvenile plumage, red-cap plumage, black-face plumage, blue-back plumage, and definitive plumage. The gradual changes in plumage color and morphology from the initial olive-green of juveniles to the black and blue of adults are detailed (Figure 3). The progression through specific age-related plumage stages aids in age-related status signaling, facilitating the integration of young males into social hierarchies crucial for future reproductive success. Females also show variation in plumage, sometimes exhibiting male-like characteristics, indicating complex interactions between social and environmental factors in plumage development (Doucet et al., 2018).
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