International Journal of Molecular Zoology 2024, Vol.14, No.3, 141-153 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmz 142 the transition from juvenile to adult plumage; explores the ecological and evolutionary significance of delayed plumage maturation in this species. By understanding how DPM affects survival, social interactions, and reproductive success, this study can gain insights into the adaptive value of this trait. Additionally, this study assesses the impact of DPM on the reproductive success and survival of juvenile males, examining whether retaining a juvenile-like plumage confers any advantages or disadvantages during their first breeding season; contributes to the broader conservation knowledge of the White-bellied Shortwing, offering data that can inform conservation strategies and help protect this vulnerable species. Through these objectives, this study will provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of plumage maturation in the life history of the White-bellied Shortwing. 2 Biology and Ecology of the White-bellied Shortwing 2.1 Habitat and geographical distribution The White-bellied Shortwing (Brachypteryx leucophrys), also known as the Nilgiri Blue Robin, is an endemic bird of the Western Ghats in southern India. This species is typically found in the high-altitude shola forests, a unique ecosystem characterized by the mosaic of grasslands and stunted forests. These habitats are located at elevations ranging from 1 000 to 2 200 meters. The shola forests provide a cool, moist environment essential for the survival of this species, which thrives in the dense undergrowth and shrub layers where it can find shelter and food. The geographical distribution of the White-bellied Shortwing is highly fragmented, with isolated populations in different parts of the Western Ghats, including the states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka. These forests are under significant threat from deforestation, agricultural expansion, and habitat fragmentation, which have led to a decline in the populations of this already vulnerable species. Conservation efforts are critical in these areas to preserve the remaining habitats and support the species' survival. Effective conservation strategies should include habitat restoration and protection, along with continuous monitoring to ensure the viability of the populations (Robin and Sukumar, 2002; Robin et al., 2006). 2.2 General behavior and life Cycle The White-bellied Shortwing exhibits a secretive and elusive behavior, making it a challenging species to study in the wild. It is primarily a ground-dwelling bird, preferring to forage in the dense undergrowth of the shola forests. This bird is known for its territorial nature, with males defending their territories through vocalizations and displays, particularly during the breeding season. The breeding season coincides with the monsoon, which ensures an abundance of food resources for raising chicks. The nests are typically built close to the ground, hidden among dense vegetation or in natural crevices. These nests are constructed using a variety of plant materials and lined with softer substances to provide comfort for the eggs and chicks. The White-bellied Shortwing is monogamous, and both parents are involved in raising the young. The chicks remain in the nest for about two weeks before fledging, after which they continue to rely on their parents for food and protection for several weeks. This extended period of parental care is crucial for the survival of the juveniles, as it increases their chances of successfully adapting to the challenging environment of the montane forests (Robin et al., 2011). 2.3 Diet and feeding habits The diet of the White-bellied Shortwing mainly consists of insects and other small invertebrates, which it forages from the forest floor and low vegetation. This bird employs a meticulous foraging strategy, using its beak to probe through leaf litter and soil to uncover hidden prey. In addition to insects, the diet may also include small fruits and berries, especially during times when insect availability is low. This dietary flexibility helps the Shortwing to survive seasonal fluctuations in food resources within its montane forest habitat. Feeding activity typically peaks during the early morning and late afternoon, times when prey activity is highest and the temperature is more conducive to foraging. The dense undergrowth of the shola forests not only provides abundant food resources but also offers protection from predators. The White-bellied Shortwing's feeding habits are closely tied to the health and integrity of its habitat, emphasizing the need for conservation efforts to focus on preserving these critical environments.
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjQ4ODYzNA==