International Journal of Molecular Zoology 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 111-127 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmz 119 Figure 2 Population genetic analyses (Adopted from Gómez-Bahamón et al., 2020) Image caption: The figure shows the population genetic analyses of the fork-tailed flycatcher (Tyrannus savana). Figure 2A displays a neighbor-joining tree based on genetic distances estimated from genotype likelihoods, where all sedentary subspecies (warm colors) form a monophyletic group associated with the migratory subspecies (blue), indicating that sedentary populations are derived from migratory ancestors. Figure 2B presents admixture proportions for different numbers of clusters, showing significant genetic differentiation between migratory and sedentary populations. The principal component analysis (PCA) in Figure 2C further confirms this genetic differentiation. The TreeMix model in Figure 2D shows no significant gene flow between sedentary and migratory populations. Figure 2E demonstrates lower genetic variability in sedentary subspecies, while Figures 2F and 2G indicate that sedentary populations have undergone a reduction in effective population size, supporting the scenario that sedentary birds evolved from migratory ancestors through a founder event (Adapted from Gómez-Bahamón et al., 2020) 7.3 Humpback whale migration patterns and their impacts The study found that the Southern Hemisphere D population of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) migrates annually from Antarctic feeding grounds to the waters off Western Australia for breeding. Additionally, their arrival time in the Perth Canyon has been advancing each year. Based on passive acoustic monitoring data from 2002 to 2017, Gosby et al. (2022) used the hourly presence or absence of whale vocalizations as an indicator
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