International Journal of Molecular Zoology 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 111-127 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmz 114 direction and distance of the European blackcap are genetically controlled, whereas the migratory behavior of the North American monarch butterfly is triggered by seasonal environmental changes (Figure 1), indicating that epigenetic mechanisms play an important role in its migration process. In the Yellow-throated Bunting (Emberiza elegans), genomic analyses revealed that genes related to energy metabolism, nervous system function, and circadian rhythms play crucial roles in regulating migratory behavior (Zhang et al., 2022). Additionally, in the American kestrel (Falco sparverius), genetic variations in metabolic and light-input pathway genes were found to be significantly associated with migratory timing, suggesting a polygenic basis for this trait (Bossu et al., 2022). The genetic architecture of migration is further exemplified by the presence of chromosomal inversions in rainbow trout, which maintain linked genes controlling migratory behavior (Arostegui et al., 2019). Figure 1 Annual migratory cycle of North American monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) and world-wide distribution of monarch populations (Adopted from Merlin and Liedvogel, 2019) Image caption: Figure A describes the migration path of the North American monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus), migrating from northern breeding sites to overwintering sites in Mexico during the fall and returning to breed in the southern United States in the spring. The migration behavior is influenced by photoperiod and temperature changes, indicating an epigenetic regulation of migration. Figure B shows the global distribution of monarch butterflies, where only populations in North America and Australia exhibit seasonal migration, while populations in other regions are primarily non-migratory. The image reveals the geographical and genetic diversity of migration behavior (Adapted from Merlin and Liedvogel, 2019)
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