International Journal of Molecular Zoology 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 97-110 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmz 108 role of landscape connectivity and the potential for secondary growth habitats to serve as corridors for species movement and gene flow. Understanding the drivers behind non-random species loss and the nested structure of fragmented communities can inform conservation strategies aimed at preserving taxonomic diversity. Finally, experimental studies that manipulate fragment size and isolation can provide valuable insights into the mechanisms driving species declines and extinctions. Conservation efforts must prioritize the preservation and restoration of large, contiguous habitats to maintain viable bird populations and ecosystem functions. Strategies should focus on creating and maintaining habitat corridors to facilitate species movement and gene flow, thereby enhancing genetic connectivity and reducing the risk of local extinctions. Protecting large core areas of forest is crucial to mitigate the effects of edge habitats and ensure higher reproductive success. Additionally, conservation plans should consider the specific ecological requirements and mobility of different bird species to tailor interventions effectively. Collaborative efforts between researchers, policymakers, and local communities are essential to implement and sustain conservation initiatives that address the multifaceted challenges posed by habitat fragmentation. By adopting a holistic approach that integrates scientific research with practical conservation actions, we can better safeguard bird populations and the ecosystems they inhabit for future generations. Acknowledgements Thanks to each peer reviewer for the suggestions on this manuscript. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References Amaya-Espinel J., and Hostetler M., 2019, The value of small forest fragments and urban tree canopy for Neotropical migrant birds during winter and migration seasons in Latin American countries: a systematic review, Landscape and Urban Planning, 190: 103592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.103592 Amos N., Harrisson K., Radford J., White M., Newell G., Nally R., Sunnucks P., and Pavlova A., 2014, Species- and sex-specific connectivity effects of habitat fragmentation in a suite of woodland birds, Ecology, 95(6): 1556-1568. https://doi.org/10.1890/13-1328.1 PMid:25039220 Anjos L., Collins C., Holt R., Volpato G., Mendonça L., Lopes E., Bóçon R., Bisheimer M., Serafini P., and Carvalho J., 2011, Bird species abundance–occupancy patterns and sensitivity to forest fragmentation: Implications for conservation in the Brazilian Atlantic forest, Biological Conservation, 144(9): 2213-2222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.05.013 Bélisle M., Desrochers A., and Fortin M., 2001, Influence of forest cover on the movements of forest birds: a homing experiment, Ecology, 82(7): 1893-1904. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[1893:IOFCOT]2.0.CO;2 Bhakti T., Goulart F., Azevedo C., and Antonini Y., 2018, Does scale matter? The influence of three-level spatial scales on forest bird occurrence in a tropical landscape, PLoS ONE, 13(6): e0198732. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198732 PMid:29912911 PMCid:PMC6005493 Bregman T., Şekercioğlu Ç., and Tobias J., 2014, Global patterns and predictors of bird species responses to forest fragmentation: Implications for ecosystem function and conservation, Biological Conservation, 169: 372-383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.11.024 Canales-Delgadillo J., Scott-Morales L., and Korb J., 2012, The influence of habitat fragmentation on genetic diversity of a rare bird species that commonly faces environmental fluctuations, Journal of Avian Biology, 43(2): 168-176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-048X.2011.05372.x Coddington C., Cooper W., and Luther D., 2023, Effects of forest fragmentation on avian breeding activity, Conservation Biology, 37(4): e14063. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.14063 PMid:36704892 Cornelius C., Awade M., Candia-Gallardo C., Sieving K., and Metzger J., 2017, Habitat fragmentation drives inter-population variation in dispersal behavior in a Neotropical rainforest bird, Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation, 15(1): 3-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2017.02.002 Didham R., 2010, Ecological consequences of habitat fragmentation, Els, pp.1-33. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470015902.a0021904
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