International Journal of Molecular Zoology 2024, Vol.14, No.2, 84-96 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmz 89 Figure 3 Genes and pathways associated with plateau animal adaptation to hypoxia, cold temperature, and high UV radiation (Adopted from Yan et al., 2022) Image caption: Hypoxia-activated pathways that regulate erythropoiesis, cardiovascular development, and oxidative phosphorylation in plateau animals are depicted in detail. Different categories of genes, i.e., CQEGs, QEGs, PSGs, and genes with L. sacra-specific mutations (LSM) are indicated by squares with different colors. Expanded CASR in L. sacra is marked with an “*” (Adopted from Yan et al., 2022) 4.3 Genomic responses to hypoxia Genomic responses to hypoxia involve a complex interplay of multiple genes and pathways. In high-altitude reptiles, such as the toad-headed agamas, functional analyses have identified numerous PSGs involved in gene expression and metabolism, which are crucial for hypoxia adaptation (Yang et al., 2014). Comparative genomic studies across different high-altitude species have revealed convergent evolution in genes related to hypoxia response, such as the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway (Pamenter et al., 2020; Lyu et al., 2022). These genomic adaptations enable reptiles to cope with the chronic lack of oxygen by modulating physiological and biochemical pathways to maintain homeostasis (Beckman et al., 2021).
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