International Journal of Molecular Zoology 2024, Vol.14, No.1, 31-43 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmz 35 Farrell et al. (2018) identified transcription trajectories in the data by generating single-cell transcriptomes of 38731 cells during early zebrafish embryogenesis using two complementary methods. These findings reconstructed the gene expression trajectory during embryonic development in vertebrates and highlighted the limitations and plasticity of cell type normalization. Barriuso et al. (2015) used zebrafish as an animal model for human diseases, providing a platform for selecting personalized treatment options during drug discovery. Together with zebrafish transgenic tumor models, they represent an alternative tool for drug development. The transparency of zebrafish embryos and the recently developed colorless zebrafish provide valuable capabilities for researchers to directly observe cancer formation and progression in live vertebrate hosts. 2 The Application of Single-cell Omics in Human Development Research 2.1 Early human embryonic development Early human embryonic development is a complex and intricate process that involves precise expression of numerous genes, protein interactions, and epigenetic modifications. Single cell omics techniques, especially single-cell transcriptomics and single-cell epigenetics, provide powerful tools for in-depth research on early human embryonic development. Single cell transcriptomics technology can reveal the spatiotemporal specificity of gene expression in early human embryonic cells. Through single-cell RNA sequencing, researchers can accurately measure gene expression levels in individual cells and compare differences between different developmental stages or cell types. This helps to discover key genes and regulatory networks related to early embryonic development, further understanding the molecular mechanisms of human embryo formation. Single cell epigenetic techniques can reveal epigenetic modification patterns in early human embryonic cells. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non coding RNA, play important roles in embryonic development (Bednarczyk et al., 2021). Through single-cell epigenetic analysis, researchers can identify specific epigenetic markers in different cell types or developmental stages, thereby gaining a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of epigenetic regulation in embryonic development. Single cell omics technology can also be combined with other high-throughput techniques, such as single-cell ATAC seq (for detecting chromatin accessibility) and single-cell chromatin conformation capture technology (for studying chromatin spatial structure), to comprehensively analyze key information such as gene expression, epigenetic modifications, and chromatin structure in early human embryonic cells. The application of these technologies will help reveal the complexity and fine regulatory mechanisms of early human embryonic development. The use of single-cell genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, and proteomics, as well as these technologies, can help scientists gain a deeper understanding of cellular heterogeneity, developmental dynamics, and intercellular communication networks in early human development. Efremova and Teichmann (2020) used computational methods to analyze and integrate different types of omics data from individual cells (such as genome, epigenome, transcriptome, and proteome data), which is crucial for understanding complex biological systems at the individual cellular level. By integrating multimodal data, these methods provide new avenues for high-resolution analysis of cell phenotype, developmental dynamics, and communication networks, which is crucial for understanding cell heterogeneity in multiple tissues and conditions. Assou et al. (2011) Dynamic changes in gene expression during early human embryonic development: By analyzing gene expression in human eggs, embryos, and human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), different gene sets related to pluripotency, pluripotency, and reprogramming attributes were revealed. These analyses provide tools for understanding the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that control early embryonic development, and further discuss the clinical relevance of using non-invasive molecular methods for embryo selection.
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