International Journal of Molecular Veterinary Research, 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 227-234 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmvr 232 due to acquired immunity, which is promising for future vaccine development. Tick-borne diseases, including those caused by Anaplasma marginale, Babesia bovis, and Babesia bigemina, are prevalent and pose a significant threat to buffalo health and productivity. Moreover, coccidiosis, caused by Eimeria species, remains a major cause of diarrhea in buffaloes, affecting their overall health and productivity. The presence of zoonotic diseases such as leptospirosis, brucellosis, and bovine tuberculosis further complicates the health management of water buffaloes, posing risks to both animal and human health. Future research should focus on developing effective vaccines and treatment protocols for the most prevalent and impactful diseases affecting water buffalo. Specifically, there is a need for vaccines targeting Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii to mitigate reproductive losses. Additionally, further studies on the immune response mechanisms in water buffalo, particularly concerning resistance to Schistosoma japonicum, could inform vaccine development and improve disease control strategies. Enhanced surveillance and molecular characterization of tick-borne pathogens are essential to understand their epidemiology and develop targeted control measures. Policies should also prioritize the implementation of comprehensive herd health management programs, including regular screening for zoonotic diseases and the adoption of biosecurity measures to prevent disease transmission between buffaloes and other livestock. Improving the health and productivity of water buffalo requires a multifaceted approach that includes advancements in disease prevention, early diagnosis, and effective treatment strategies. Emphasizing the development of vaccines and enhancing biosecurity measures will be crucial in reducing the incidence of infectious diseases. Additionally, educating farmers on best practices for animal husbandry and disease management can significantly contribute to the overall health and productivity of water buffalo herds. By addressing both the economic and public health aspects of infectious diseases in water buffalo, we can ensure the sustainability and growth of this vital livestock sector. Acknowledgments The authors express their gratitude to Dr. Yang for providing valuable feedback that improved the clarity of the text. Conflict of Interest Disclosure The authors affirm that this research was conducted without any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. References An X., Zhao Y., Cui J., Liu Q., Yu L., Zhan X., Zhang W., He L., and Zhao J., 2021, Recombinase polymerase amplification lateral flow dipstick (RPA-LF) detection of Babesia orientalis in water buffalo (Bubalus babalis, Linnaeus, 1758), Veterinary Parasitology, 296: 109479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109479 Benítez D., Mesplet M., Echaide I., De Echaide S., Schnittger L., andFlorin-Christensen M., 2018, Mitigated clinical disease in water buffaloes experimentally infected with Babesia bovis, Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases, 9(5): 1358-1363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.04.012 Ciuca L., Borriello G., Bosco A., D’Andrea L., Cringoli G., Ciaramella P., Maurelli M., Di Loria A., Rinaldi L., and Guccione J., 2020, Seroprevalence and clinical outcomes of Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii and Besnoitia besnoiti infections in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), Animals, 10(3): 532. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10030532 Da'dara A., Li C., Yu X., Zheng M., Zhou J., Shollenberger L., Li Y., and Harn D., 2019, Prime-boost vaccine regimen for SjTPI and SjC23 schistosome vaccines, increases efficacy in water buffalo in a field trial in China, Frontiers in Immunology, 10: 284. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00284 Damaty H., Fawzi E., Neamat‐Allah A., Elsohaby I., Abdallah A., Farag G., El-Shazly Y., and Mahmmod Y., 2021, Characterization of foot and mouth disease virus serotype SAT-2 in swamp water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) under the Egyptian smallholder production system, Animals, 11(6): 1697. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11061697
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