International Journal of Molecular Veterinary Research, 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 254-260 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmvr 257 5 Case Study 5.1 Overview of the selected region or program The selected case study focuses on the development and deployment of vaccines for major goat diseases in regions heavily impacted by these diseases, such as Africa and Asia. These regions face significant economic losses due to diseases like goatpox, peste des petits ruminants (PPR), and foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) (Lazarus et al., 2020; Zhugunissov et al., 2020). The international community, including organizations like the FAO and OIE, has been actively working towards the eradication of PPR by 2030, highlighting the importance of coordinated vaccination efforts in these regions. 5.2 Vaccine development and deployment strategies Several innovative vaccine development strategies have been employed to combat goat diseases. For instance, a multivalent capripoxvirus-vectored vaccine has been developed to protect against sheeppox, goatpox, PPR, and Rift Valley Fever, demonstrating effectiveness in reducing viral shedding and inducing strong immune responses in sheep and goats (Figure 2) (Boshra et al., 2024). Additionally, a pentavalent FMD vaccine has been tested in goats, showing efficacy in reducing viral shedding and clinical symptoms when administered in appropriate doses. The use of multi-epitope vaccines designed through immunoinformatics approaches has also been explored to enhance safety and immunogenicity against goatpox virus (Long et al., 2024). Figure 2 The capripox-PPR-RVFV multivalent vaccine candidate LnRP protects sheep and goats against RVFV infection and elicits neutralizing antibodies (Adopted from Boshra et al., 2024) Image caption: Sheep and goats were vaccinated with a low dose or a high dose of the LnRP vaccine candidate and subsequently infected with RVFV at 24 days post-immunization. Rectal temperatures of sheep (a) and goats (b) were taken on each indicated day. Sera samples were collected on each indicated day, and RVFV-neutralizing antibodies were detected in sheep (c) and goat (d) samples. Mean values are displayed with the standard deviation (Adopted from Boshra et al., 2024) 5.3 Outcomes and lessons learned The deployment of these vaccines has led to significant reductions in disease incidence and viral shedding among vaccinated goats. For example, the multivalent capripoxvirus-vectored vaccine successfully protected against multiple viral infections, demonstrating the potential of multivalent vaccines in comprehensive disease control. The FMD vaccine trials indicated that even reduced doses could effectively lower viral shedding, suggesting cost-effective vaccination strategies. However, challenges remain in ensuring widespread vaccine coverage and
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