International Journal of Molecular Veterinary Research, 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 254-260 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmvr 255 2.1 Bacterial diseases One of the major bacterial diseases affecting goats is tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium species such as Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium caprae. Vaccination efforts, such as those using the Mycobacterium tuberculosis SO2 vaccine, have shown promise in reducing lesion severity and bacterial load in infected goats, suggesting potential for controlling this disease (Bezos et al., 2017). Another significant bacterial disease is Johne's disease, caused by Mycobacterium aviumsubspecies paratuberculosis (Hanafy et al., 2023). The use of indigenous vaccines has been effective in improving the physical condition and reducing mortality and morbidity in infected goats, highlighting the importance of vaccination in managing this disease (Singh et al., 2010; Singh et al., 2013). 2.2 Viral diseases Goats are also affected by several viral diseases, including goatpox and peste des petits ruminants (PPR). Goatpox, caused by the goatpox virus, leads to severe economic losses, and efforts to develop safer vaccines, such as multi-epitope subunit vaccines, are ongoing (Figure 1) (Long et al., 2024). PPR is another critical viral disease, with vaccines like the ARRIAH live attenuated strain showing efficacy in protecting goats against virulent strains (Byadovskaya et al., 2024). Additionally, recombinant adenovirus vaccines expressing PPRV proteins have demonstrated complete protection against pathogenic virus challenges, offering a promising DIVA (Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals) vaccine option (Herbert et al., 2014). Figure 1 Flow chart for constructing the multi-epitope vaccine (Adopted from Long et al., 2024) 2.3 Parasitic diseases Parasitic diseases, although not explicitly detailed in the provided data, are known to affect goats significantly. Common parasitic infections include those caused by gastrointestinal nematodes, which can lead to reduced productivity and increased mortality. Control measures typically involve the use of anthelmintics and management practices to reduce parasite load and transmission. 3 Advances in Vaccine Development for Goats 3.1 Traditional vaccine approaches Traditional vaccine approaches for goats have primarily relied on live attenuated vaccines (Shou and Cai, 2024). These vaccines have been used to control diseases such as goatpox and peste des petits ruminants (PPR). For instance, the ARRIAH live attenuated vaccine has been shown to effectively protect goats from virulent strains of PPR virus, demonstrating its efficacy and safety in experimental settings (Byadovskaya et al., 2024). Similarly, live attenuated vaccines have been used to control sheep and goat pox, although they can sometimes cause mild
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