International Journal of Molecular Veterinary Research, 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 254-260 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmvr 254 Feature Review Open Access Vaccine Development for Major Goat Diseases JieZhang Institute of Life Science, Jiyang College of Zhejiang A&F University, Zhuji, 311800, Zhejiang, China Corresponding author: jie.zhang@jicat.org International Journal of Molecular Veterinary Research, 2024, Vol.14, No.6 doi: 10.5376/ijmvr.2024.14.0029 Received: 09 Nov., 2024 Accepted: 10 Dec., 2024 Published: 22 Dec., 2024 Copyright © 2024 Zhang, This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Preferred citation for this article: Zhang J., 2024, Vaccine development for major goat diseases, International Journal of Molecular Veterinary Research, 14(6): 254-260 (doi: 10.5376/ijmvr.2024.14.0029) Abstract This study explores the progress, challenges, and future prospects of vaccine development for major goat diseases, introduces bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases, as well as corresponding advances in traditional and modern vaccine technologies, including innovative delivery systems such as recombinant, DNA, RNA based vaccines, and nanoparticles. Key challenges such as pathogen diversity, regulatory barriers, and on-site adoption barriers are discussed, and case studies emphasize the successful implementation of vaccination programs, providing insights for effective disease control strategies. Looking ahead, combining genomics, proteomics, and artificial intelligence with vaccine development is expected to accelerate breakthroughs, and global cooperation and policy support are crucial for equitable access to vaccines. Continuous innovation and coordinated efforts are crucial for improving goat health, increasing productivity, and promoting global sustainable animal husbandry. Keywords Goat; Vaccine development; Peste des petits ruminants (PPR); Bacterial diseases; Parasitic diseases 1 Introduction Goat diseases pose significant challenges to the livestock industry, impacting both animal health and economic stability. These diseases, such as tuberculosis, Johne's disease, goatpox, and peste des petits ruminants (PPR), can lead to severe health issues and substantial economic losses due to decreased productivity and increased mortality rates (Bezos et al., 2017; Boshra et al., 2024). The control and prevention of these diseases are crucial for maintaining the health of goat populations and ensuring the sustainability of goat farming, which is a vital source of livelihood for many communities worldwide. Vaccine development plays a pivotal role in the management and prevention of major goat diseases. Effective vaccines can significantly reduce the incidence and severity of infections, thereby improving animal welfare and productivity. For instance, the development of vaccines like the Mycobacterium tuberculosis SO2 vaccine and the indigenous vaccine for Johne's disease has shown promising results in reducing disease severity and improving health outcomes in goats (Singh et al., 2010). Additionally, multivalent vaccines, such as those targeting capripoxvirus and PPR, offer protection against multiple pathogens, enhancing the overall resilience of goat herds against infectious diseases (Byadovskaya et al., 2024; Long et al., 2024). This study provides a comprehensive overview of the current status of vaccine development for major goat diseases, explores the impact of these diseases on goat health and animal husbandry, emphasizes the importance of vaccines in disease control, and discusses the latest developments and challenges in vaccine research. This review aims to provide information for future research directions and policy decisions to improve the health and productivity of goats by synthesizing the results of various studies. 2 Major Diseases Affecting Goats Goats are susceptible to a variety of diseases that can significantly impact their health and productivity (Xu, 2024). These diseases can be broadly categorized into bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases, each requiring specific strategies for prevention and control.
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