International Journal of Molecular Veterinary Research, 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 244-253 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmvr 251 a potential role in disease resistance and susceptibility (Wang et al., 2018). However, comprehensive genome-wide studies linking these variations to specific immune responses are still lacking. Additionally, the increased genetic load in domestic dogs due to population bottlenecks and selective breeding further complicates our understanding of their immune capabilities compared to wild wolves (Marsden et al., 2015). 8.2 Integrating genomics with conservation and veterinary practices The integration of genomic data into conservation and veterinary practices holds promise for improving the health and survival of both wild and domestic canids. Resources like iDog, which consolidate genomic, phenotypic, and disease-related data, are invaluable for researchers and practitioners (Tang et al., 2018). These tools can aid in identifying genetic markers for disease resistance and inform breeding programs to reduce the prevalence of deleterious genetic variants. Moreover, understanding the genomic basis of disease susceptibility can help in developing targeted veterinary treatments and conservation strategies. For example, the identification of CNVs associated with breed-specific disease susceptibilities can guide selective breeding practices to enhance genetic diversity and reduce the incidence of hereditary diseases (Serres-Armero et al., 2021). 8.3 Prospects for CRISPR and other gene-editing tools The advent of CRISPR and other gene-editing technologies offers exciting prospects for addressing genetic diseases in canids. CRISPR systems have already shown potential in tracking and controlling the spread of antimicrobial resistance genes in bacteria of canine origin, highlighting their utility in managing infectious diseases (Rossi et al., 2019). In the context of canid genomics, CRISPR could be employed to correct deleterious genetic variants identified through genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and other genomic analyses. This approach could mitigate the genetic load in domestic dogs and enhance their disease resistance. However, the ethical and practical implications of gene editing in wild populations must be carefully considered to avoid unintended ecological consequences. Addressing the challenges in canid immunogenomics requires filling knowledge gaps through comprehensive genomic studies, integrating genomic data into conservation and veterinary practices, and exploring the potential of gene-editing technologies like CRISPR. These efforts can lead to improved health outcomes for both wild wolves and domestic dogs, ensuring their survival and well-being in a rapidly changing world. 9 Concluding Remarks The study of genetic variations between wild wolves and domestic dogs has revealed significant insights into the evolutionary dynamics and disease resistance in canids. Structural variations (SVs) and copy number variations (CNVs) have been identified as key factors influencing phenotypic evolution, disease susceptibility, and environmental adaptations in domestic dogs compared to their wild counterparts. For instance, the presence of a new AKR1B1 gene copy in domestic dogs, which is associated with increased fatty acid synthesis and antioxidant ability, highlights the impact of dietary shifts during domestication. Additionally, the domestication process has led to an increased burden of deleterious genetic variants in dogs due to population bottlenecks and artificial selection, which has implications for breed-specific traits and disease susceptibility. The integration of genomic data from various canid species through resources like iDog has further enriched our understanding of the genetic landscape and its functional relevance. The findings from this study have profound implications for both veterinary and conservation sciences. In veterinary science, understanding the genetic basis of disease susceptibility in domestic dogs can inform selective breeding programs aimed at reducing the prevalence of deleterious variants and improving overall canine health. The identification of specific CNVs and SVs associated with disease traits can lead to the development of targeted genetic tests and personalized treatment plans for dogs. In conservation science, the evidence of hybridization between wild canids, such as the African wolf, and domestic dogs raises concerns about genetic dilution and the potential loss of unique genetic lineages. Conservation strategies must therefore consider the impact of gene flow from domestic dogs on wild canid populations and implement measures to preserve genetic diversity and prevent disease transmission.
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