International Journal of Molecular Veterinary Research, 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 235-243 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmvr 240 backyard poultry and found that a vaccination interval of twelve weeks was generally sufficient to maintain protective immunity, although regular serological testing was recommended to ensure ongoing protection6. Similarly, another study emphasized the importance of monitoring viral shedding and antibody levels post-vaccination to evaluate the effectiveness of different vaccination programs (Sultan et al., 2021). 7.2 Monitoring vaccine efficacy and preventing disease resurgence Monitoring vaccine efficacy involves assessing both the humoral immune response and the reduction in disease transmission. A study demonstrated that a recombinant herpesvirus of turkey (HVT) vaccine expressing the NDV F protein provided long-term protection with a single dose, highlighting the potential for sustained immunity and reduced need for frequent revaccination (Shi et al., 2024). Additionally, the use of vector vaccines has shown promise in reducing virus transmission, as evidenced by a study where vaccinated birds exhibited significantly lower virus excretion compared to unvaccinated controls (Tatár-Kis et al., 2020). These findings underscore the importance of selecting effective vaccines and vaccination strategies to prevent disease resurgence. 7.3 Strategies for long-term NDV control and protection Long-term control of NDV requires a comprehensive approach that includes effective vaccination strategies and regular monitoring. The development of flock immunity is critical, as demonstrated by a study that achieved high antibody titers in native chickens through routine vaccination, thereby enhancing herd immunity (Akther and Hassan, 2022). Moreover, combining vaccination with other health management practices, such as parasiticidal treatments, can further improve flock health and productivity, as shown in a study conducted in Kenya (Otiang et al., 2021). These strategies highlight the need for integrated approaches to maintain long-term protection against NDV in chicken populations. Continuous surveillance, effective vaccine monitoring, and integrated health management strategies are essential components for the successful long-term control of Newcastle disease in chicken populations. These measures help ensure sustained immunity, prevent disease resurgence, and enhance overall flock health. 8 Policy Implications and Global Strategies 8.1 International coordination and global disease control initiatives The eradication of Newcastle disease (ND) in chicken populations requires robust international coordination and global disease control initiatives. The World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) emphasizes the importance of rapid notification and response to ND outbreaks due to its significant economic impact and potential for rapid spread (Shafaati et al., 2024). Global strategies should focus on the development and distribution of genotype-matched vaccines, which are tailored to target the most prevalent NDV genotypes, thereby enhancing vaccine efficacy and control measures. Collaborative efforts among countries can facilitate the sharing of research, resources, and best practices to improve vaccine development and deployment. 8.2 National policies for NDV vaccine distribution and regulation National policies play a crucial role in the distribution and regulation of NDV vaccines. Effective national strategies should include routine vaccination programs, as demonstrated by the increased flock size and reduced mortality in vaccinated chicken populations in Kenya (Otiang et al., 2021). Regulatory frameworks must ensure the availability of safe and effective vaccines, such as the recombinant vaccines that provide long-term protection with a single dose (Shi et al., 2024). Additionally, policies should support the use of innovative vaccination methods, such as spray vaccination, which are particularly suitable for large-scale poultry farms (Zeng et al., 2024). 8.3 Recommendations for expanding global vaccine access To expand global vaccine access, it is essential to address logistical and economic barriers. Recommendations include the development of cost-effective vaccines that can be easily administered, such as the recombinant NDV vaccines that offer dual protection against multiple diseases (Tian et al., 2020). Increasing the availability of vaccines in developing countries, where ND poses a significant threat, is critical. This can be achieved through international aid and partnerships that focus on building local vaccine production capabilities and distribution
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