International Journal of Molecular Veterinary Research, 2024, Vol.14, No.6, 235-243 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmvr 239 vaccination programs (Lwapa et al., 2019). Additionally, the integration of community vaccinators into the formal animal health sector was recommended to ensure the sustainability and effectiveness of vaccination efforts (Ogolla et al., 2024). 5.3 Public awareness and education in poultry farming communities Public awareness and education are essential for increasing vaccination uptake. In southeastern Kenya, structured training on chicken husbandry and ND vaccination significantly improved vaccine accessibility and uptake among smallholder chicken farmers (Ogolla et al., 2024). Similarly, in Kongo Central province, awareness-raising efforts were identified as a priority to improve vaccination service performance and increase participation among chicken keepers (Lwapa et al., 2019). These findings underscore the importance of educating poultry farming communities to enhance the success of vaccination campaigns. The successful eradication of Newcastle disease in chicken populations through vaccination is largely dependent on effective vaccine delivery systems, government support, and public education. These factors collectively contribute to increased vaccine uptake, reduced disease-related mortality, and improved overall flock health. 6 Challenges Faced During the Vaccination Campaign 6.1 Logistical and distribution issues in rural areas One of the primary challenges in the vaccination campaign for Newcastle disease (ND) in chicken populations is the logistical and distribution issues, particularly in rural areas. The distribution of vaccines in remote and rural regions can be hindered by inadequate infrastructure, which affects the timely delivery and storage of vaccines. In Tanzania, for instance, the uptake of ND vaccination varied significantly across communities, partly due to logistical challenges in reaching remote areas (De Bruyn et al., 2017). Similarly, in Madagascar, the success of vaccination campaigns was contingent on overcoming logistical barriers to ensure consistent vaccine delivery to rural communities (Annapragada et al., 2019). 6.2 Public resistance and vaccine hesitancy Public resistance and vaccine hesitancy also pose significant challenges to the successful eradication of ND. In many rural communities, there is a lack of awareness and understanding of the benefits of vaccination, leading to hesitancy. This hesitancy can be exacerbated by cultural beliefs and misinformation about vaccines. In Tanzania, efforts to increase vaccination uptake had to address these socio-cultural barriers to encourage participation in vaccination programs (De Bruyn et al., 2017). Additionally, in Kenya, the perception of vaccination benefits was influenced by the observed increase in flock size, which helped to mitigate some of the hesitancy (Otiang et al., 2021). 6.3 Environmental and ecological constraints on vaccine use Environmental and ecological factors can also constrain the use of vaccines. For instance, the presence of maternally derived antibodies (MDAs) in chickens can interfere with the efficacy of certain vaccines, necessitating the development of vaccines that can overcome this challenge. In Germany, the effectiveness of ND vaccines was evaluated in the presence of MDAs, highlighting the need for vaccines that can provide protection despite these antibodies (Oberländer et al., 2020). Furthermore, the ecological conditions in rural areas, such as high temperatures, can affect the stability and efficacy of vaccines, as seen in the need for thermotolerant vaccines in Tanzania (De Bruyn et al., 2017). The successful eradication of Newcastle disease through vaccination campaigns faces several challenges, including logistical issues in rural areas, public resistance and vaccine hesitancy, and environmental constraints. Addressing these challenges requires tailored strategies that consider the unique socio-cultural and ecological contexts of each region. 7 Post-Vaccination Surveillance and Long-term Monitoring 7.1 Continuous surveillance for Newcastle disease post-vaccination Continuous surveillance is crucial to ensure the effectiveness of vaccination programs against Newcastle disease (ND) in chicken populations. Regular monitoring of antibody titers is essential to assess the immune status of flocks and detect any potential gaps in immunity. For instance, a study in Germany evaluated antibody titers in
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjQ4ODYzNA==