International Journal of Molecular Veterinary Research, 2024, Vol.14, No.5, 219-226 http://animalscipublisher.com/index.php/ijmvr 219 Research Insight Open Access Effects of Subclinical Bacterial Infections on Immune Response in Cats Zhaolin Wang Ruipai Pet Hospital, Sanya, 572000, Hainan, China Corresponding author: 745457309@qq.com International Journal of Molecular Veterinary Research, 2024, Vol.14, No.5 doi: 10.5376/ijmvr.2024.14.0025 Received: 12 Sep., 2024 Accepted: 13 Oct., 2024 Published: 25 Oct., 2024 Copyright © 2024 Wang, This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Preferred citation for this article: Wang Z.L., 2024, Effects of subclinical bacterial infections on immune response in cats, International Journal of Molecular Veterinary Research, 14(5): 219-226 (doi: 10.5376/ijmvr.2024.14.0025) Abstract This study explores the effects of such infections on the feline immune response, with an emphasis on the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms. The study examines key components of the feline immune system and how these infections alter immune cell populations, cytokine profiles, and immune activation. Special attention is given to the case study of Bartonella henselae, a common bacterial pathogen, and its role in modulating feline immunity. Additionally, the research investigates the clinical and subclinical consequences of immune dysregulation, including increased susceptibility to other infections, autoimmune reactions, and chronic inflammation. Various diagnostic approaches, such as serological and molecular techniques, are reviewed to highlight challenges in identifying subclinical infections. Therapeutic strategies, including antibiotics, immune modulation, and long-term management practices, are discussed as potential solutions for controlling these infections. The findings of this study emphasize the importance of addressing subclinical bacterial infections to improve feline health and reduce veterinary complications. Future research is needed to refine diagnostic techniques and develop more effective treatment protocols, ultimately advancing both clinical practice and public health outcomes in veterinary medicine. Keywords Subclinical bacterial infections; Feline immune system; Bartonella henselae; Immune dysregulation; Veterinary diagnostics 1 Introduction Subclinical bacterial infections in cats, particularly subclinical bacteriuria, are characterized by the presence of bacteria in the urinary tract without any overt clinical symptoms. These infections are relatively common, especially in older cats and those with comorbidities, with prevalence rates reported to be as high as 29% in certain populations (White et al., 2016). The most frequently isolated bacteria in these cases include Escherichia coli, Enterococcus species, and Staphylococcus species (Teichmann-Knorrn and Dorsch, 2018). Despite the absence of symptoms, subclinical bacteriuria can be associated with specific risk factors such as female sex, lower urine specific gravity, and chronic kidney disease (Puchot et al., 2017; Peterson et al., 2020). Understanding subclinical infections is crucial for feline health management as they can influence treatment decisions and antimicrobial use. While these infections are often not treated due to the lack of symptoms, they pose a challenge in terms of antimicrobial resistance, which is a growing concern in veterinary medicine (Teichmann-Knorrn et al., 2018). The decision to treat subclinical bacteriuria is complex, as there is currently insufficient evidence to support routine treatment, and inappropriate use of antimicrobials can contribute to resistance (Teichmann-Knorrn and Dorsch, 2018; Dorsch et al., 2019). Moreover, distinguishing between subclinical bacteriuria and bacterial cystitis is essential for effective treatment protocols and antimicrobial stewardship, especially in cats with underlying conditions or those using devices like subcutaneous ureteral bypass systems (Djoneva et al., 2023). This study attempts to explore the prevalence and clinical implications of subclinical bacterial infections in cats, discuss the associated risk factors, and provide an overview of the impact of these infections on feline health outcomes. By focusing on subclinical bacteriuria, the study aims to provide insights into the necessity and timing of treatment interventions, thereby contributing to more informed clinical decision-making and improved management of feline urinary tract health.
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